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Heme / Onc > SM_261b: Introduction to Neoplasia > Flashcards

SM_261b: Introduction to Neoplasia Flashcards

(42 cards)

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1
Q

Hyperplastic polyps are ___

A

Hyperplastic polyps are benign lesions that arise throughout colon but especially common distally

  • Not believed to harbor risk of malignant transformation
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2
Q

Tubular adenoma is ___

A

Tubular adenoma is dysplastic proliferation of colonic epithelium

  • Can be pedunculated or sessile with variety of architectural patterns
  • By definition contain low-grade dysplasia at baseline
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3
Q

This is ___

A

Normal colonic mucosa

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4
Q

This is a ___

A

Hyperplastic polyp

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5
Q

This is a ___

A

Tubular adenoma

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6
Q

This is ___

A

Tubular adenoma -> carcinoma

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7
Q

Describe progression from dysplasia to carcinoma in colon

A

Dysplasia to carcinoma in colon

  1. Normal colon
  2. Hyperproliferative epithelium: methylation abnormalities, APC / hMSH2 / hMLH1 inactivation
  3. Adenoma: K-ras mutation, DCC deletion, p53 deletion
  4. Carcinoma: further accumulation of genetic abnormalities
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8
Q

This is ___

A

Colorectal carcinoma

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9
Q

Describe treatment and staging for colorectal carcinoma

A

Colorectal carcinoma

  • Surgical resection
  • Histologic considerations: depth of invasion, lymphovascular invasion, margin status, lymph node metastases
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10
Q

Describe TNM staging for colorectal carcinoma

A

TNM staging for colorectal carcinoma

  • Tumor
    • T1: submucosal invasion
    • T2: muscularis propria invasion
    • T3: pericolonic tissue invasion
    • T4: invasion into or beyond visceral peritoneum
  • Nodes
    • N1: mets in 1-3 regional nodes
    • N2: mets in 4 or more regional nodes
  • Metastases
    • M1: distant metastases
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11
Q

____, ____, and ____ are ancillary studies for colorectal carcinoma

A

BRAF V600E mutation testing, microsatellite instability, and KRAS mutation testing are ancillary studies for colorectal carcinoma

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12
Q

Presence of ____ predicts negative outcome in anti-EGFR monoclonal antibody treatment of colorectal carcinoma

A

Presence of BRAF V600E mutation predicts negative outcome in anti-EGFR monoclonal antibody treatment of colorectal carcinoma

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13
Q

Microsatellite instability is caused by ____ and occurs in ____

A

Microsatellite instability is caused by mutations in DNA mismatch repair genes (MLH1, MSH2, MSH6) and occurs in Lynch syndrome

  • Prognostic indicator for fluorouracil-based adjuvant chemotherapy in colon cancer
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14
Q

____ predicts negative outcome in anti-EGFR monoclonal antibody treatment for colorectal carcinoma

A

KRAS mutation predicts negative outcome in anti-EGFR monoclonal antibody treatment for colorectal carcinoma

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15
Q

Screening for prostate cancer involves ___ and ___

A

Screening for prostate cancer involves digital rectal exam and serum PSA levels

  • Confirmation is done with prostate needle biopsy
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16
Q

This is ___

A

Normal prostate epithelium

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18
Q

This is ___

Study These Flashcards
A

High grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia

19
Q

This is ___

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A

Prostatic carcinoma

20
Q

Describe Gleason grading

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A

Gleason grading

  1. Small uniform glands
  2. More stroma between glands
  3. Distinctly infiltrative margins
  4. Irregular masses of neoplastic glands
  5. Only occasional gland formation
21
Q

This is ___ prostate carcinoma

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A

Gleason Grade 3 prostate carcinoma

22
Q

This is ___ prostate carcinoma

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A

Gleason Grade 4 prostate carcinoma

23
Q

This is ___ prostate carcinoma

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A

Gleason Grade 5 prostate carcinoma

24
Q

Describe treatment and staging of prostate carcinoma

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A

Prostate carcinoma

  • Surgical resection
  • Histologic considerations
    • Unilateral vs bilateral disease
    • Lymphovascular and perineural invasion
    • Extraprostatic extension
    • Margin status
    • Seminal vesicle invasion
    • Lymph node metastases
    • Volume of tumor involved
25
Describe TNM staging of prostate carcinoma
TNM staging of prostate carcinoma * Tumor * T1: tumor that is not yet clinically detectable * T2: palpable tumor confined to gland * T3: tumor that has grown beyond prostatic capsule * T4: tumor that has grown directly into adjacent tissues * Lymph nodes * N1: tumor has spread to nearby lymph nodes * Metastases * M1: tumor has spread to distant lymph nodes or beyond
26
This is ___ of prostate carcinoma
Perineural invasion of prostate carcinoma
27
This is ___ of prostate carcinoma
Seminal vesicle invasion of prostate carcinoma
28
Prostate cancer is treated with \_\_\_
Prostate cancer is treated with surgical resection and adjuvant therapy
29
This is \_\_\_
Normal breast epithelium
30
Pre-neoplastic diseases of breast are \_\_\_\_, \_\_\_\_, and \_\_\_\_
Pre-neoplastic diseases of breast are atypical ductal hyperplasia, ductal carcinoma in situ, and lobular carcinoma in situ
31
This is \_\_\_
Atypical ductal hyperplasia
32
This is \_\_\_
Lobular carcinoma in situ
33
This is \_\_\_
Ductal carcinoma in situ
34
Invasive ductal carcinoma is treated with \_\_\_
Invasive ductal carcinoma is treated with excision with needle localization
35
Negative margins are when \_\_\_
Negative margins are when cancer cells do not touch the edge of the resection
36
Positive margins are when \_\_\_
Positive margins are when cancer cells touch the edge of resection
37
Describe invasive ductal carcinoma
Invasive ductal carcinoma * Most common subtype of breast cancer * Hard consistency and stellate appearance * Histology: cords or solid nests of malignant cells invading into stroma * Association with in situ carcinomas
38
Describe histologic grading of breast carcinoma
Histologic grading of breast carcinoma: modified Bloom-Richardson grading system * Combines three components: architecture (tubule formation), mitotic rate, and nuclear grade * Grades * I: low grade, well differentiated * II: intermediate grade, moderately differentiated * III: high grade, poorly differentiated
39
Describe invasive lobular carcinoma
Invasive lobular carcinoma * Bilaterality and multicentricity * Histology: lack of cohesion, strands of infiltrating small tumor cells in form of a single file * E-cadherin is absent * Unusual metastatic sites: serosal surfaces, bone marrow, meninges
40
Describe treatment and staging of breast carcinoma
Breast carcinoma * Surgical resection * Histologic considerations * Tumor size * Multifocality * Lymphovascular invasion * Margin status * Lymph node metastases
41
Describe TNM staging of breast cancer
TNM staging of breast cancer * Tumor * T1: tumor ≤ 20 mm in greatest dimension * T2: tumor between 2-5 cm in greatest dimension * T3: tumor \> 5 cm in greatest dimension * T4: tumor of any site attached to chest well or skin * Nodes * N1: metastases in 1-3 lymph nodes * N2: metastases in 4-9 lymph nodes * N3: metastases in \> 10 lymph nodes * Metastases
42
\_\_\_\_ and ____ are ancillary studies for breast carcinoma
Hormone receptor status and OncotypeDx are ancillary studies for breast carcinoma * Hormone receptor status: ER/PR/Her-2 immunohistochemistry, Her-2 amplification via FISH * OncotypeDx: analyzes expression of 21 genes using RT-PCR, provides individual estimate of 10-year risk of local recurrence, used in women with ductal carcinoma in situ treated with local excision ± tamoxifen

Heme / Onc (41 decks)

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