small animal

Question 1

heart worm tests

Answer 1

direct - blood smear for microfilaria
and indirect for occult tests antigen of gravid females l3-l5 l6
cats only tests exposure not infection and rads have double lined echo density

Question 2

immiticide- pyrental

Answer 2

kills l5 tarting l6; is harsh on body of animal, wolbachia needs to be treated for 1 month prior to starting imiticide

Question 3

dirrofilaria immitis

Answer 3

organism transmitted by mosquitos, the mosquitios pick up microfilaria in blood and develop into l3/l3 then are depositied onto skin and migrate into vascularization

PP= 5-6 months

Question 4

worms live

Answer 4

in main pulmonary artery and right ventricle

Question 5

clinical signs

Answer 5

dysnea, exercise intolerance, cough ascites (CHF right)

cats= HARD asthma pulmonary signs or neurologic and shock

Question 6

heartworm tx-

Answer 6

first kill wolbachia with doxy then do immiticide malarsomine injection then keep overnight and 4-6 weeks 2 injections 24 hours apart
cats have it kill them because allergic to malarsomine

Question 7

oral heartworm

Answer 7

ivermectin(Heart gerd) and milbemycin (sentinel)

topical- revolituon (selamectin) and advantage multi

Question 8

mast cell tumors

Answer 8

most common malignancy common in boxers bosons pugs brachycephalic - less aggressive lower grade tumor
release histamine and heparin

Question 9

mast cell other signs

Answer 9

associated with go ulcers, bleeding poor wound healing,
grade shows level of aggressive ness- grade not detemerined by cytology
FNA or biopsy
eosinophils are abundant
treat with surgery 2-3cm excision
supportive- h2 blocker fa motidine rantidine or h1 dphyhydramine

Question 10

mast cell tx

Answer 10

surgical incision, chemo or h1/h2 blockers vinblastine CCNU and alkylating agents , tocenarib or palladia
px- based on breed rate of growth grade KIT mutation size location, mitotic index

Question 11

feline core vaccines

Answer 11

FVRCP- panleukema, rhino, 6 wks of age then 304 ws until 16 weeks then 2 doses 3-4 weeks apart 1 yr after users then 3 years every time after
calici,
rabies- 1 or 3 yr
FELV- leukemia non core with FIV - antibodies can interfere with other diagnostic testing

Question 12

skin disease

Answer 12

FAD- number one caudal half of the body
atopy- seasonal ages 1-3 face paws extremities
Food AD- allergic dogs less than 2 same as atopy

Question 13

OA

Answer 13

very common in dogs and horses- chronic progressive - older dogs
-steroids contra
-selective cox 2 inhibitors used
-will see joint pain, effusion, fluid, local inflammation, sclerosis, collagen disruption, loss of articular cartilage
tx- maintain body weight
use cox2 inhibitors but be careful with GI ulcer
carprofen, firocoxxib, deracoxib, meloxicam
steroids contra becuas inhibit metalloproteinase inhibit inflammatory cytokines- may thin cartilage
- joint supps- PGA= adequan, glucosamine and chondroitin sulfate cosequin and HA lubricant

Question 14

oral melanoma

Answer 14

most common oral tumor malignant
common in golden, choes poodles spaniels, sometimes contain no melanin can look like round cell tumor
-mets to local lymphnodes - can also be found on nail beds
biopsy- and stage-minimum database regional LN aspirates and thoracic rads
-surgical incision with wide margins and useful with radiation therapy
- mostly use carboplatin and cisplatin
-human vaccine can be used for after is develops because tyrosinase is a human protein
-tumor size-px-<2cm better prog median survival 5.5 months if > 2 rostral is better prog than caudal

Question 15

osteosarc

Answer 15

most common primary bone tumor in dogs
-large giant breed dogs and metaphysical region- does not usually cross joints - away from the elbow toward the knee - can mets to lungs
-amputition is best treatment control
-see in rads- lytic lesions- interrupted periosteum diaphysial can be a secondary of another type of cancer
FNA results in reactive bone US guided
pulmonary mets check for
-nuclear scintigraphy-bone scan
ELEvated ALP
-can do limb sparing but chronic resistant infections result
radiation can be palliative chemo= cisplatin or carboplatin and doxorubicin or adriamycin and biophsophonates
4-6 months with ampuation and 10-12 with chemo and surgery and 1-3 if mets
LOCATIONS- mandible ( best prog) , maxilla, scapula, ribs, spine, pelvis

Question 16

parvo

Answer 16

enteriti in unvaccinated dogsor puppies, bloody dia, intususection, luekopenia - bleach is only cleaner
-take fecal ELISA
-CPV-2- fecal oral
long lived and resistant -fomite transmission- rapidly diving cells like crypts of intestines
luekopeniaa fever diarhhea vomitng
tx-supportive- iv fluids, amikacin or enro and ampicillin maropitant ( cerenia) sucralfate , vaccnation and ygene to prevent

Question 17

PSS

Answer 17

abnormality in blood flow most common as single congenital extra hepatic
would involve a vessel from portal left gastric or splenic into vena cava or azygous vein
common in yorkshire terriers maltese pugs poodles
cs- vomit dia pupd hepatic enceph with neuro defecits, hypochomic anemia, chemistry-alp elevated BUN albumin and glucose and cholesterol ( liver things)
-bile acids dramatically elevated and ammonium crystals in urine, micro hepatica in rads
tx- metronidazole to decrease urease producing bacteria, lactulose decreses colonic ph and KBR for seizures
- ameroid constictor is surgery of choice and always obtain biopsy
- microvascular dysplasia

Question 18

PUPD

Answer 18

usually primary PU so PD - more than 100 ml/kg/day
polyuria <50
DM, CRI, HA, neoplasia, hypercalcemua, DI, liver failure, hypert, endotoxemia, iatrogenic, pyelonephritis
clues- polyphagia, weight loss, skin coat changes, vulvular discharge, abdominal palpation, rectal exam, bilateral cataracts, lymphadenopathy
minimum database- look for eosiniophila anemia, bg, calcium, liver function, enzymes, renal values, urinalysis 1035 < 1008 ri unlikely

Question 19

rodentacide

Answer 19

wafarin inhibits vit k
2 7 9 10 factors hemorrhage into body cavities 3-7 days after ingestions
markedly prolongs prothrombin time apt
emesis if in within 2-4 hour , activated charcoal then treat with k for 4 wks and check pt
if hemmer secondary to cop the do plasma transfer

broomethalin - results in edema and near signs < 12 hours later at high doses mannitol or furosemide to reduce cerebral swelling

choliceferol- hevere hypercalc and hypophos, acute renal failure and mineralization kidneys
treat with steroids

Question 20

panc and EPI

Answer 20

panc-hyperlipidemia, systmic dz or inflammation, azothiaprine tetra cycline, gi sigsn cranial abdomenal pain anorexia SIRS possible
cats- nonspecfici lethargy cpli pr fpli, actue-dog-h2 blockers and antiemetics analgesics anfd antibiotics and fluids

EPI- gsd setters anf polyphag dia and weight loss in young animal cannot make digestive enzyme ti test and enzyme sup is the tre tumors

Question 21

pericardial effusion

Answer 21

cardiac tamponade-intracardial pressure exceeds atrial pressure- pericardiocentesis considered cardigenic shock - impaired venous return, vent filling stroke volume and cardiac output - pericardial infusion in dogs- hemangiosarc chemodectoma, mesothelioma and lymphosarc thyroid calc right sided failure atrial rupture coat and bacterial infections

cats -chf fiplyp,hosarc, hamngio, aortic body tumors fibrosarc
horse can be viral septicemia extension of bacterial infection neoplasia

cattle - penetration of metal dramatic hardware disease
SEE attenuated heart sounds jug vein dissension poor peripheral pulse qual pulses paradoxes electrical alternate aco is gold standard and pericardiocentessi

Question 22

bladder stones

Answer 22

struvite and calcium oxalate, alkalinizing diet fro cytein reduced protein - high moisture content food
struviet- low mag low protein low pos
caox- avoid excessive protein cal and oxalate, provide ph
cystune- bulldogs new foundlings dachshund bassist hounds yorkies
2 mg reduce protein
urate-reduce protein alaklinize allopurinol dec uric acid

Question 23

brachycephalic

Answer 23

short flat caed, elongated palate stenotic nares and hypo plastic trachea, soft palate extends to laryngeal opening and blocks air flow
everted laryngeal sacral hard to tube, bull dogm boston and pug - resp and exercis eintolerance, stererous breathing -resect to normal size or wedge reset cannot treat trachea and only advanced will see

Question 24

cushings hyperadreno

Answer 24

cs- pupd, panting polphag, pendulus belly, pyoderma all the ps - pigmentation and alopecia
-low dose ACTH to test output and determine is its pdh or adh
- adrenal tumors are other common cause
-hirsitism in horses with long coats PPID
labs- routine stress luekograpm
elevated ALP and USG 1010
Low dose sex test and acth stim
also us or urine cortisol test
- tx with mitotane cause adrenocorticolysis
trilostane steroid inhibits cortisol
-ketoconazole for skin

Question 25

STS

Answer 25

soft tissue sarc- tumors of mesenchymal origin pnst sf and hpc and round cells lemma and rhabdo LOCALLY invasive 15% of lal skin and subcut tumors grade based on metastatic potential tx- surgical removal with wide margins recurrence common FNA and biopsy are common dx rads to check for mets and ct if possible -surgery radiationa nd chemotherapy grading- needs biopsy high grade are half likely recurrent and necrosis matters as well control- 95% 1 yr for radiation

Question 26

addison hypoadreno

Answer 26

bradycardia, cardio collapse, USG 1030 or less, Na : K < 27, episode brought on by stress, ACTH tim NACL best fluids need rapidly to increase HR and CO acute-hypovolemic shock with weakness and vomiting, chronic-can look like renal disease, hyperkalemia, hyponatremia, preener azotemia secondary to dehydration, absence of stress lukewarm even though seem really sick - tall tented t waves diminished absent p waves prolonged pr level wide qrs <2 for acth stim -restore blood volume and treat hyperkalemia and iv gulch de prednisone lifetime

Question 27

collapsing trachea

Answer 27

palpation may incite honking cough is advanced small yorkshire terriers pomeranians chihuahuas can be triggered by excitement or variety endoscopy or fluro stenotic nares elongated soft palate - weight loss can help stenting or membrane plication

Question 28

dcm

Answer 28

boxers impared systolic function of pumping great dane wolf hound, fainting lethargy and exercise intolerance eco and ace inhibitor na dpimobendan furosemide nitroglycerine genetic can cause syncope need holter monitor to confirm can have vpc and systolic function nd heart failure

Question 29

diabetes

Answer 29

ska common and pups and polyphagia and weight loss common, plantigrade stance for nerves losing potency and tendon laxity- present hyperglycemia and glucouai and high insulin when glucose high can get cataracts, and then with dka=weakness vomiting and severe metabolic acidosis bg greater than 500 and then have signs of a healthy diabetic need insulin to that and keep track of it - glipizide and then diet with high fiber if dka- aggressive fluids and then frequent glucose monitoring - bicarb therapy fro imbalance of metabolism acidosis

Question 30

cranial cruciate ligament repai-

Answer 30

medial surface of lateral femoral condyle- prevent cranial drawer - prevent hyperextension and prevent excessive internaranial drawer tibial thrust and painful extensionl rotation any breed any size- positive c presence of medial buttress joint effusion on ra and palpable kateral suture around fable and lateral aspect on small dogs or tplo tibial plate leveling osteotomy tibial tuberosty advancment- elimination of tibial thrust = TPLO and cage rest

Question 31

suture

Answer 31

``` multifilament can build up bacteria catgut=proteolytic and breaks easily dexon-multifilament PGA 60-90 days absorbed monocry;-pg 25 monofilament vicryl-multi 60 - 70 days caprosyn- monofilament 56 days pds 2- monofilament maxon monofilament biosyn-monofilament (all abs) non abs--- nylon-monofilament prolene monofilament silk-multifilament novafil monofilamnt polymerized multifilament ```

Question 32

elbow dysplasia

Answer 32

UAP OCD of humeral condyle fragmentation of medial coronoid process -incongruity gsds, basset hound, bloodhound, lab retreivers, newfoundlands - usually 4-12 months - forelimb lameness pain on flexion and bilateral rad- flexed lateral to check anneal process nSAIDS - humeral condyle- abnormal endochondral oss gsd newfound rotty- 4-7 months- pain on flexion and extension elbow and sclerotoci endochrondral bone in rads medial aspect -surgical removal FCP- labs goldens rotts- 4-7 motnhs forelimb lameness rads to confrim and surgical removal elbow incongruity- can be abnormal shape of trochlear ridge- cn lead to others above

Question 33

fad

Answer 33

80 % cause of itching ptenoceph felis - most common can carry hooks, plague and bartonella 27 eggs/day type one and four hypersens dogs=caudodorsal and cats neck and face cats can have military and eosinophilic plaques - react to flea dirt intradermal testing and serological testing tx-glucocorticoids, treat home env and in house and out adulticide meet and citrus oil some insecticides lufreunon amitraz, capstar

Question 34

GDV

Answer 34

more common in the dog large breed deep chested dogs, retching visiting rads-right lateral is an air bubble CC when seeing from - venous compression congestion and local compromise of blood perfusion to the stomach - great dane- can get proph pexy nonprodcutive retching vmiting -abdominal distension- tacy cardia weak pulses prolonged crt -vpcs diagnostic right lateral popeye arm -avoid saphenous and crystalloid therapy must decompress and trotter then uncover oemntum - lactate higher than 6 is purport and perform pexy0- can be endoscopy or laparoscopy

Question 35

thoracic trauma

Answer 35

vehicular trauma pneumothorax and pulmonary contusions are most common - supplemental oxygen - closed glottis and tension pnumoethorax actelectsis - cause hypoxemia and hypoventilation- compression of thoracic wall and lungs and elastic recoil causes shearing forces - ventilation and perfusion mismatch -- dhernia=liver most common -listen to borygami -take rads only when stable may see lungs retractedf from the wall thoraccentesis is diagnostic legacy most important and surgery not typically required

Question 36

heat stroke

Answer 36

obese brachycephalic dogs predisposed -panting, tremors, in shocck SIRS hypercoag 106 is heat stroke - can present normal to subnormal temps staggering collapse incessant panting altered mentation abcd and extreme cooling ice packs - check major organs and functionality

Question 37

hemangio

Answer 37

gsd, gold ret, labs, most common in spleen and then right atrium liver and highly metastatic fluid filled splenectomy check rads for mets -schistocytes stabilize and fluids - adrimycin therapy cutaneous is from sun exposure is mostly ventral abdomen medial thighs - use sunblock

Question 38

hip dysplasia

Answer 38

bunny hopping gait orotlani positive test less than 50 % coverage on radiographs tpo, fho, thr and jps commonly treated with nsaid 3-8 months of age palpable crepitation bunny hope gait orto exam for dx morgan line on abs ad osteophytes joint laxity modeling and sclerosis pennhip and ofa measurement JPS- 14-20 weeks of age and not good prog is severe displaces prior to sx TPO- the pubis ischium and plum 6-12 months of age is best THR- cemeneted or non and very specialized procedure FHO- ore common good weight may have mechanical lameness thereafter- salvage procedure small animals wh weigh less are better off

Question 39

toxins

Answer 39

ethylene glycol- antifreeze-alc dehydrogenase, glycol acid and oxalic acid ataxic drunken behavior calcium oxalate crytalluria and renal failure after 12 hours treatment needs to begin before 12 hours and metabolites and treat with fomepazole -gi protectant and iv fluid cleaners-acids and alkalis do not induce vmit because will damage esoph paint and varnich-do not induce vomit for risk of aspiration pneumonia garbage gut- penitrem A fine motor tremors, tonic spasms, hyperthermia, ataxia gi decontam can induce vomit as long as not recumbent and h2 blockers for go protectants

Question 40

hyercalcemia

Answer 40

total >12 and ionized > 1. 4 supposed to be regulated by path and calcitriol an calcitonin - pup greatest cs and then seizures tremors and constipations and arrytmias goshdarnit- granulomatous, drugs rodenticide neoplasia, idiopathic, oteolisys hyperpth spurrios lab drugs addisons renal failure cbc chem rads acth tx-furosemide calcitonon

Question 41

hypot

Answer 41

lethargy alopecia pyoderma weight gain check t 4 levels for it mild nonregen anemia and hyper cholesterol levothyroxine check t4 levels and tsp stim

Question 42

larpar

Answer 42

voice change inspiratory stridor and cricartytenoid laterlization is tx and happens in labs golden and saint bernards reccurent left laryngeal paralysis - can also present iwht dyspnea- doxapram can help with diagnosis laryngeal tie back is tx or partial laryngectomy