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Small animal general practice > Small animal breeding DONE > Flashcards

Small animal breeding DONE Flashcards

(50 cards)

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1
Q

What method of pharmacological reproductive control would you use if a dog is in proestrus

A

Short acting oral formaultion progestagens

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2
Q

When is the best time to start using progestogens to control cyclicity

A

Anoestrus

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3
Q

Effect on endometrium of long vs short acting progestagens

A

Risk of pyometra
More influence from long acting formulations

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4
Q

How long must we wait if giving long acting progestagens in pro-oestrus

A

Until all signs of proestrus disappear and interest from males disappear

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5
Q

What is parturition block and what causes this risk

A

When birth can’t happen as normal due to effect of long acting progestagens which lasts longer than normal pregnancy

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6
Q

Why is it recommended that diabetic dogs are spayed

A

Luteal phases makes diabetes hard to stabilise

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7
Q

Why can progestogens as birth control be contraindicated in diabetes

A

Broken down into smaller compounds which stimulate growth hormone and can exacerbate diabetes in dogs

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8
Q

How can we pharmacologically control breeding in males

A

Use GnRH depot formulations i.e Suprelorin subcut implant

Lasts 6-12 months

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9
Q

How does suprelorin implant stop male fertility and libido

A

Via desensitisation of pituitary gland which decreases gonadotrophin release (LH, FSH)
–> So get decreases testosterone release

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10
Q

When would we choose ovariohysterectomy over ovariectomy

A

Older bitches/queens
If concerns over uterine condition
–> For risk of uterine tumours

If risk of pregnancy

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11
Q

Why would we avoid spaying bitches in (late) luteal phase

A

Because a drop from high to low progesterone at this stage will trigger lactation which can complicate wound management

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12
Q

Features of a closed castration

A

Testicular tunics not opened
Testicles taken along with seminal cord, artery and vein

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13
Q

Features of open castration

A

Open testicular tunics
Separate seminal cord and vessels and ligate separately

Preferred in dogs esp large breeds for better security via ligatures

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14
Q

Why is it hard to create a vaccine against GnRH

A

Because it is a very small molecule so hard to get a strong immune response
–> Will need adjuvants but these give side effects

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15
Q

In which individuals can we use the zona pellucida vaccine

A

Wild horses

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16
Q

How does zona pellucida vaccine work

A

Via creating an immuno-inflammation response that prevents pregnancy

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17
Q

How can we prevent implantation in dogs if risk of pregnancy

A

Oestrogens BUT risk of exposure to body and uterus to these

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18
Q

What is the only licensed way to terminate a pregnancy in dogs

A

Using alizin = anti-progesterone
Contains algepristone (progesterone receptor antagonist)

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19
Q

Why is it safe to spay cats mid pregnancy and not dogs mid-luteal/pregnancy

A

Don’t get issue of stimulating lactation due to drop of progesterone levels

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20
Q

Pregnancy length in dogs from ovulation

A

61 to 63 days

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21
Q

Pregnancy length in dogs from first breeding

22
Q

Pregnancy length in cats from first vs last mating

Study These Flashcards
A

First: 52-74 days
Last: 65-66 days

23
Q

After what length of pregnancy without parturition should we investigate

24
Q

Alarm signs for dystocia in dog

Study These Flashcards
A

Straining continuously for 1 hour before delivering any pups
Resting more than 3 hours b/w puppies
Green or black vaginal discharge before first pup
Stillborn pups
Illness/distress in dam

25
What is primary uterine inertia
Failure to delivery neonates because UTERUS not contracting NOT obstruction
26
What is secondary uterine intertia
Failure to delivery pups AFTER period of uterine contraction > Either due to obstruction OR due to exhaustion
27
If a bitch shows vaginal bands and septae what does that suggest about conception
Done via AI
28
True vs relative fetal oversize
True = pup larger than usual for the breed e.g in single pup syndrome Relative = due to specific breed anatomy e.g large heads
29
Which fetal malposition is the hardest to correct; most likely to go for C section
Transverse presentation
30
How to manage primary uterine inertia if relatively small litter and there early
Use oxytocin to stimulate contractions + may give calcium gluconate first to ensure energy for contractions
31
When do we not use oxytocin in dystocia cases
Where there is obstruction
32
Why don't we repeat oxytocin doses
Risk of uterine spasm and tetanic contraction which can further compromise pups
33
Do we use calcium gluconate during dystocia management more in dogs or cats
Dogs BECAUSE reports of very strong contractions generated in cats
34
Managing placenta retention
NB: much less common compared with livestock If <24 hours can use oxytocin If >48 hours pp can lead to endometritis and may need surgery
35
What is sub=involution of placental sites
Specific to dogs = where the area of uterus to which the zonary placenta attached fails to involute --> If mild can resolve; may use oxytocin --> If severe will need ovariohysterectomy
36
What is the pathogenesis of eclampsia/puerperal tetany
Depletion of calcium in the extracellular compartment
37
How do we treat eclampsia/puerperal tetany
Slow IV infusion of calcium gluconate 10% solution until seizures subside (monitor heart throughout) --> Then move to subcut --> Then to oral Only return pups to suckling gradually
38
What can predispose to eclampsia
Large litter size, excessive calcium supplementation during pregnancy as this disrupts the calcium homeostasis
39
Options for dealing with pseudopregnancy in bitches
1) conservative; reduce nutrition, increase exercise, take away toys, stop them from licking teats and often self-resolves in a few weeks 2) medical: gallastop = cabergoline, dopamine agonist to inhibit prolactin Then after resolved, need to do ovariohysteretomy
40
Clinical signs of pseudopregnancy
restlessness, neediness, adopting toys Lethargy, anorexia Mammary development +/- lactation Abdominal enlargement
41
How can we bring in oestrus in cases of anaestrus with no anatomical abnormalities
Licensed treatment = eCG for 10 days then hCG Off license can use GnRH agonists
42
What is cystic endometrial hyperplasia
Common syndrome in intact bitches; inflammation leads to endometrial gland enlargement --> accumulation of purulent discharge Signs = changes in uterine texture on abdo palpation like bubble wrap; U/S shows thickened uterine wall and hyperplastic uterine glands with hypoechoic fluid centres
43
Two types of pyometra
Just accumulation of pus in the lumen Where the endometrium is fibrotic and damaged due to CEH and then get pyometra
44
Pathogenesis of pyometra
Oestrogenic stimulation then prolonged exposure to progesterones during luteal phase which is 60 days long in dogs Progesterone causes endometrial proliferation, decreased uterine contractility, prolonged secretion by glands, suppression of local immunity and closed cervix so get accumulation of pus in the uterus
45
What is mammary fibroadenomatous hyperplasia in queens
Non-neoplastic proliferative condition of the mammary gland in queens related to a hypersensitivity to progestogens (from luteal phase or if given long acting formulation) Get rapid enlargement of one or more mammary glands with formation of liquid-filled cysts which can erupt, get ulceration and pain
46
Treatment of mammary fibroadenomatous hyperplasia in quens
If possible; spay immediately If not, treat with alizin (algeprostone) anti-progestagen + cabergolin (dopamine agonist to inhibit prolactin) first and then spay once swellings have gone down Need NSAIDs to reduce pain and inflammation
47
What is benign prostatic hypertrophy
Spontnaoue age relted condition in intact male dogs with hormonally driven increase in cell number and increase in cell size - Get development of cysts Enlarged prostate can cause issues with defecation and some with urination On palpation feel enlarged, smooth, symmetric prostate If it is painful or irregular more suggestive of prostatitis or neoplasia Treatment = castration Or could do GnRH implant Or Anti-androgen oral drug (osaterone acetate)
48
HOw to diagnose a cryptorchid dog vs castrated dog
Give hCG and then measure testosterone 24 hours later Palpate scrotum, inguinal canal etc Cam dp i;traspimd Surgery = treatment of choice because retained testicles more prone to torsion and neoplasia
48
What are the testicular tumours
Sertoli cell tumour = most common; often assocaited with feminising paraneoplastic syndrome Seminoma And interstitial/Leydig cell tumour
49
Treatment for prolonged oestrus
Induce ovulation using hCG Discuss future repro options

Small animal general practice (7 decks)

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