Small Animal Clinical Nutrition Flashcards
(28 cards)
1) Role of the vet?
2) Clinical goals?
3) ACVN approach?
4) What 3 factors make upt he food circle?
1) nutrition counseling, link btw pet food manufacturer and pet owner, pet food sales
2) optimal nutrition, role of nutrition in health/disease prevention, selecting pet foods (the best), misconceptions, myths
3) make a diet assessment/plan on every patient every time
4) animal factors (species, breed, age, life stage), diet factors (commercial, homemade), feeding management (how; factors that impact feeding)
1) info when Formulating rations?
2) what do majority of owners feed their cat? dog?
3) expected skills of vet?
1) describe animal, nutrient requirements, feedstuffs, feed delivery system, ration or diet, results
2) cat = dry and canned
dog = dry only
3) physical examination of pet food, food dosage calculation, ability to interpret pet food label (what’s req by law), balance btw skepticism and trust, challenge existing beliefs
1) Diet history questions?
2) define complete and balanced meal
3) can this be a sole source of food?
1) what type, how much, how often
2) complete = all nutrients present and bioavailable
balanced = feed to meet teh pet’s energy req (req for non-energy nutrients automatically met)
3) yes
1) What is the front panel called?
2) What does it contain?
3) What does “food” on the label imply?
4) Whats on the info panel (req’d by law)?
1) principal display panel
2) name of food and species identified
3) complete and balanced meal
4) nutritional adequacy statement,
basis of nutrition claim,
ingredient list,
guaranteed analysis,
manufacturer or distributor name and address,
feeding directions
universal product code
1) what does all beef/100% beef indicate?
2) beef and chicken?
3) beef dinner, beef and rice formula?
4) with beef
5) beef flavor
6) what is a nutritional adequacy statement?
1) min 95% beef
2) 95% total meat, second meat ingredient 3% min
3) 25% total meat, if second ingredient min 3%
4) 3% min beef
5) no min req
6) state how the nutritional adequacy of the food was determined (assurance)
1) two types?
2) two types of formulation method?
3) req for 2nd method?
4) which is a better test?
5) why?
1) formulation method and feeding trial method
2) calculation of sum ingredient to get composition (nutrient profile) OR lab analysis (chemical)
3) maintenance
6-8dogs, 1-6yrs
food sole source of nutrition
min time: 6 mths
PE at beginning and end
body wt weekly
lab tests (beg, mid, end)
4) feeding trial method
5) better test of how nutrition gets into dog
1) when are either of those two statements req?
2) What are the other 2 options and when used?
3) What is the general rule for treats?
4) define nutrient and ingredient
5) what to living organisms req?
1) all complete foods
2) product is intended for intermittent or supplemental feeding only –> therapeutic diet; all meat food (fancy feast)
no statement - treats
3) should make up 5-10% of total calores –> if exceed, will upset balance
4) nutrient = substance that must be consumed in diet to provide a source of energy, substrate for growth or substance to regulate growth, metabolism and emery production
ingredient = the means to achieve nutritional and palatability goals
5) nutrients NOT ingredients
1) how are ingredients listed?
2) protein sources used in dry diets? canned diets?
3) carb sources used?
4) fat sources used?
1) each ingredient shown
listed “as is basis” - as added
offficial names and definitions
listed in descending order by weight
2) dry = meat, meat meal, poultry meal, poultry by-prdt, fish meal, corn gluten meal, soybean meal
canned = meat, meat by-prdts, poultry, beef, lamb, fish
3) corn, rice, barley, sorghum, potato –>provide E, protein, vits
4) animal fat, fish oil, veg oil –> provide fat, EFA
1) rules of guaranteed analysis
2) accurate?
3) how should you compare prdts?
1) protein > min
fat > min
fiber < max
moisture < max
as fed basis
2) close but NOT accurate
3) evaluate nutrients on a dm basis
1) recommended range for protein?
2) recommended range for fat?
3) most imp items on info panel?
4) what’s not req on info panel?
1) dog = 18-28%
cat = 30-45%
2) dog = 5-20%
cat = 9-30%
3) nutritional statement/basis of claim
and manufacturer/distributor name
1) AAFCO life stages?
2) dietary goals?
3) Dog/wolf facts
1) adult, work, gestation, lactation, geriatric (not aafco)
2) good QOF, max longevity, optimize performance, incorporate dietary mgmt into wellness program, disease prevention
3) wild dogs –> hierarchy
access to food –> rank (dominant eat first)
hunt in packs
consume large meals (16% bw) –> gluttonous opportunist
social value of food (enjoy eating together) –> mom present food to puppy; hand feeding mimicks this
domesticated 13000+ yrs
dog behavior influenced by breeding, selection, interaction with humans
1) define essential, conditionally essential and nonessential
2) what diseases can nutrition prevent?
1) essential = can’t synthesize
conditionally essential = required during certain physiologic or pathologic condition
nonessential = body can synthesize
2) dog= skeletal disease, obesity, dental disease, urolithiasis (urinary bladder stones)
cat = obesity (diabetes), FLUTD (feline urinary tract disease), dental disease
) What is the #1 malnutrition disease?
2) incidence rate?
3) depends on?
4 Name feeding methods
1) obesity
2) 12-40%, endemic
3) age; associated with health risks and dec life span
4) Ad Libitum, food restricted meal feeding, timed feeding
1) advantages of ad libitum?
2) disadvantages?
1) less labor/knowledge req
better share for nondominant dogs
2) inc risk for obesity
skeletal disease
less knowledge about intake (can say hwo much pet normally eats or if it has reduced)
for dry/semi-moist only
1) advantages for restricted meal feeding?
2) disadvantages
1) best control/knowledge of intake
best control of body wt
red risk of obesity/skeletal disease
facilitates house training
2) labor intensive
need to calculate food
1) canine feeding behavior
2) RER features
3) what is DER affected by?
4) What isnt req on label?
1) omnivore, 1-3 meals/day, feed during daylight, glutton feeders, social value of food
2) E used by adult at rest, thermoneutral env, NOT support activity/growth/repro, fn of metabolic body size
3) breed, neuter status, age, activity, env, work
4) calorie content
1) effect of life stage on nutrient needs
birth?
pregnancy?
lactation?
work?
neutered/inactive?
1) birth = 3x
preg = E needs don’t change till 2nd trimester
lactation = aside from work, most rigorous (highest E needs - depends on litter size)
work = one of most rigorous - requiring most E, 4-8x
neutered/inactive = reduces E needs by 25%
1) specific purpose diets?
2) life stages/body condition specific?
3) Future - nutrogenomics?
4) what’s wrong with all-purpose diets?
1) tailor nutrient profile to more optimally meet inds needs (puppy)
2) growth/lactation, athletic/performance, geriatric
3) breed specific, therapeutic
altering nutrient profile can change genetic expression
4) must meet most rigorous life stage –> exceed req/optimal nutrition
1) prevalence of obesity?
2) risks of obesity?
3) ideal BCS 4-5?
4) thin BCS 3/9?
5) overweight BCS 7/9?
1) middle age - 50%
2) musculoskeletal, cardiovascular, cancer, diabetes, reduced immune competence (more prone to infections), early mortality
3) over ribs = t-shirt over ribcage, cant see, but feel and count
waist line = present, indentation
over tail head = no body fat
abdominal tuck = empty, no subcut fat
4) see ribs, waist line extraordinarily pronounced
5) lose waistline, more parallel (dorsal view), loss abdominal tuck
1) limited food intake?
2) recommendation?
3) results of study?
1) env factor that may have profound effect on orthopedic health dogs
2) feeding growing pups to have a slim figure to promote normal hip joint development
3) dogs fed to a lean body condition had a median life span 15% longer and considerably healthier (less is more)
lower prevalence and severity of OA
lower number of dogs with lesions in multiple joints
1) changes in body wt during gestation?
2) changes in food intake?
3) peak lactation?
4) unique req?
1) body wt stays pretty much the same until wk 6 when wt dramatically inc (fetus gains most wt)
2) food intake consistent until right before parturition when it drops
E demands depend on litter size
3) 3 wks - puppies eating but still nursing –> intro/offer puppy food
4) late gestation/early lactation carbs are req (conditionally essential)
diet contain 20% carbs –> maintain fetal BG and lactose of milk
1) feeding recommendations for pups?
1) should gain 2-4g per day (gaining each day)
offer solid food at 3-4 wks (pk lactation)
feed growth/lactation diet (mom and pups)
wean at 6-7 wks
-monitor growth to det how well they’re eating
1) name some skeletal diseases
2) risk factors?
3) nutritional risk factors?
1) hip dysplasia, osteochondrosis, panosteitis (bone shaft inflammation), angular limb defects, other bone and cartilage dysplasia
2) genetics *** –> LG breed have a dramatically higher risk (60+ lbs at adult, healthy lean wt)
env and nutrition
3) over consumption, excess E (calories –> too much BW on fragile bones), excess Ca
***Lg breed have relatively fragile bones when developing, much less dense than “toy” counterparts
1) effects of overconsumption of Ca?
2) finished growing by?
3) feeding recommendations for growth
1) abnormal bone conformations, enough for growth but avoid excess
2) ~1yr, ~6mths for smaller breeds
once reached 80% of adult size = 1.6 RER
3) right diet (25-35% protein, 0.9-1.5% Ca, 3.4-4.2 ME), feed diet right (lower end of range), calculate starting pt, evaluate every two wks, adjust to maintain lean body condition
