Small Animal Medicine Exam II (5-16) Flashcards
(411 cards)
1
Q
What are the approximate locations of the various valve along the chest wall?
A
2
Q
What happens in the heart when you hear LUB-DUB with your stethoscope?
A
3
Q
Describe the S1 heart sound.
A
4
Q
Describe the S2 heart sound.
A
5
Q
Describe the S3 heart sound.
A
6
Q
Describe the S4 heart sound.
A
7
Q
What is a gallop rhythm?
A
8
Q
What causes a heart murmur? How do we describe them?
A
9
Q
A
10
Q
Identify the anatomy of the heart in this radiograph.
A
11
Q
Identity the pathology in this radiograph.
A
12
Q
Identify the anatomy in this radiograph.
A
13
Q
What structures are enlarged in this radiograph?
A
14
Q
Identify the pathology in this radiograph.
A
15
Q
Identify the pathology in this radiograph.
A
16
Q
Identify the pathology in this radiograph.
A
17
Q
Identify the different structures that make up the heart.
A
18
Q
Identify the different structures that make up the heart.
A
19
Q
What controls the opening and closing of the heart valves during the cardiac cycle?
A
20
Q
The right heart is ___ pressure and provides blood to the ___.
A
21
Q
The left heart is ___ pressure and provides blood to the ___.
A
22
Q
Identify the different pressures in the different structures of the heart.
A
23
Q
Identify the different structures that play a role in the conduction of the heart.
A
24
Q
What happens during the p wave of the ECG?
A
25
What happens during the QRS portion of the ECG?
26
What happens during the t wave of the ECG?
27
Identify the different parts of the ECG.
28
What is cardiac output and how do you calculate it?
29
30
What is the Frank-Starling Law?
31
What is cardiac preload?
32
What is cardiac afterload?
33
When reading an ECG, what questions should you ask?
34
35
36
37
38
39
What is the heart block poem?
40
41
42
How do we calculate the VHS?
43
What are the four basic echocardiography views of the heart?
44
Identify the electrocardiographic view of the heart.
45
Identify the electrocardiographic view of the heart.
46
Identify the electrocardiographic view of the heart.
47
Identify the electrocardiographic view of the heart.
48
Draw out the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system.
49
Where is the blood pressure the highest in the CV system?
50
Where is most of the blood volume in the CV system?
51
The systolic blood pressure is not a fixed number, it is typically ___ mmHg greater than diastolic pressures.
52
How does sympathetic tone affect the CV system?
53
How does parasympathetic tone affect the CV system?
54
Define inotrophy.
55
Define chronotrophy.
56
Define dromotrophy.
57
Define lusitrophy.
58
How is angiotensinogen converted to angiotensin II?
59
Reduced ___ perfusion will activate the RAAS system.
Renal
60
What effects does angiotensin II have on the body?
61
Name the different natriuretic peptides. What is their purpose?
62
Describe atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP).
63
Describe B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP).
64
What is the equation for cardiac output?
65
What is the equation for cardiac resistance?
66
What is the equation for total peripheral resistance?
67
What is the equation for cardiac ejection fraction?
68
69
Which is more responsible for congestive heart failure, systolic of diastolic function?
70
Which is more responsible for low cardiac output, systolic of diastolic function?
71
Are you more likely to treat abnormal systolic function or abnormal diastolic function?
72
What is cardiac preload?
73
What is cardiac afterload?
74
Describe the general arrangement of circulation.
75
Name the determinants of the resistance Poiseuille equation.
76
Which physical mechanism is used primarily to alter vascular resistance?
77
List some of the common diagnostic tools we use in cardiology.
78
79
T/F: Most of the blood volume of the circulation (nearly 75%) resides in the systemic veins.
True
80
T/F: Most of the systemic vascular resistance is attributable to the micro-circulation (arterioles).
True
81
T/F: Generalized vasoconstriction of the arterioles changes TPR while vasoconstriction of the veins doesn’t.
True
82
The highest velocity of the blood flow occurs ____; the lowest velocity of blood flow occurs in the ____.
83
Blood flow in the arteries is ____ while the blood flow in the systemic veins is ____.
84
Pressure in the arteries _____, while pressure in the veins is ____.
85
Describe the term oxygen delivery.
86
Differentiate between oxygen delivery and oxygen consumption.
87
88
____ is defined as the volume of blood a vessel can hold at a given pressure.
89
What is the role of compliance in the maintenance of the cardiovascular system?
90
______ (think arteries) determines blood flow distribution.
91
_____ (think veins) determines blood volume distribution.
92
Label the tracing.
93
Describe the different cardiac action potentials.
94
Identify the different refractory periods.
95
Differentiate between a premature depolarization and escape depolarization.
96
What is paroxysmal tachycardia?
97
The ECG standard calibration is ____ cm/Mv. If you wanted to make the QRS complexes smaller, you can ___ the cm/Mv.
98
What is a normal canine heart rate?
99
List the normal canine cardiac rhythms.
100
What is a normal feline heart rate?
101
List the normal feline cardiac rhythms.
102
By keeping the ECG leads below the elbows and the knees, you will decrease the chances of ____ artifact.
103
How can you calculate the heart rate on an ECG printout? (at 50mm/sec and 25 mm/sec)
104
What does a left atrial enlargement pattern look like on an ECG?
105
Based on this ECG, what pathology is present?
106
What does a right ventricular enlargement pattern look like on a n ECG?
107
What does s a left bundle brand block look like on an ECG?
108
Identify the pathology in this ECG.
109
What does a right bundle branch block look like on an ECG?
110
Identify the pathology in this ECG.
111
How should you approach an arrhythmia diagnosis?
112
All sinus rhythms originate in the ____.
Sinoatrial node
113
Describe a normal sinus rhythm.
114
What does a sinus arrhythmia look like on the ECG?
115
Differentiate respiratory sinus arrhythmia and a wandering pacemaker.
Both normal!
116
What does sinus bradycardia look like on ECG?
117
What does sinus tachycardia look like on ECG?
118
What does supraventricular premature depolarizations look like on an ECG?
119
Identify the pathology on this ECG.
120
What does supraventricular tachycardia look like on an ECG?
121
Identify the pathology in this ECG.
122
Identify the pathology in this ECG.
123
What does atrial fibrillation look like on an ECG?
124
Identify the pathology in this ECG.
125
Identify the pathology in this ECG.
126
What does a ventricular premature depolarization look like on an ECG?
127
Identify the pathology in this ECG.
128
Identify the pathology in this ECG.
129
What does ventricular tachycardia look like on an ECG?
130
Identify the pathology in this ECG.
131
Identify the pathology in this ECG.
132
Identify the pathology in this ECG.
133
What does ventricular fibrillation look like on an ECG?
134
Identify the different waveforms in this ECG.
135
Differentiate between a junctional and ventricular escape rhythm.
136
Identify the pathology in this ECG.
137
Identify the pathology in this ECG.
138
What is sinus arrest? What does it look like on an ECG?
139
What is sick sinus syndrome? What does it look like on an ECG?
140
What is atrial standstill? What does it look like on an ECG?
141
Identify the pathology in this ECG.
142
Briefly differentiate between a first, second, and third degree AV block.
143
List some causes of a first degree AV block.
144
What does a first degree AV block look like on an ECG?
145
What does a second degree AV block look like on an ECG?
146
What are some causes of a second degree AV block?
147
Identify the pathology in this ECG.
148
Identify the pathology in this ECG.
149
List the causes of a third degree AV block.
150
What does a third degree AV block look like on an ECG?
151
Identify the pathology in this ECG.
152
ST segment alterations are non-specific but may indicate _____.
153
Identify the different ST segment changes.
154
What information can you gain from a physical exam and auscultation relative to the CV system? (small animal medicine)
155
Describe the normal heart sounds in the small animal patient.
156
What is the etiology of an S4 gallop? (small animal medicine)
157
What is the etiology of an S3 gallop? (small animal medicine)
158
What is the etiology of a mid-systolic click? (small animal medicine)
159
Describe a 1/6 heart murmur. (small animal medicine)
160
Describe a 2/6 heart murmur. (small animal medicine)
161
Describe a 3/6 heart murmur. (small animal medicine)
162
Describe a 4/6 heart murmur. (small animal medicine)
163
Describe a 5/6 heart murmur. (small animal medicine)
164
Describe a 6/6 heart murmur. (small animal medicine)
165
Where are the different cardiac auscultation locations in the small animal?
166
Name and describe the different kinds of systolic murmurs in the small animal.
167
Name and describe the different kinds of diastolic murmurs in the small animal.
168
Name and describe the different kinds of continuous murmurs in the small animal.
169
What are some of the different causes of pulmonary crackles? (small animal medicine)
170
How should we evaluate RR/RE in our small animal patients? What is normal?
171
Describe the significant of a cough in our small animal patients when evaluating their CV system.
172
What are some terms we use to describe arterial pulses in our small animal patients?
173
What is the significant of ascites found in our CV exam of a small animal patient?
174
What can the jugular vein tell us in our small animal patients?
175
What are some of the indications for thoracic radiographs in our small animal patients?
176
What questions can be answered from thoracic radiographs? (small animal medicine)
177
What do thoracic radiographs miss? (small animal medicine)
178
What are some structures of cardiovascular interest in thoracic radiographs? (small animal medicine)
179
Which lateral thorax radiograph is more common when trying to evaluate the CV system?
180
You small animal patient is dyspneic but you need to get thoracic radiographs. Which is more appropriate, a DV or VD?
181
How do the CV structures differ in a thoracic radiograph of a deep chested dog?
182
How do the CV structures differ in a thoracic radiograph of a barrel chested dog?
183
This is a normal thoracic radiograph of a ____.
184
This is a normal thoracic radiograph of a ____.
185
Identify the structures in the small animal thoracic radiograph.
186
Identify the structures in the small animal thoracic radiograph.
187
Identify the structures in the small animal thoracic radiograph.
188
Identify the structures in the small animal thoracic radiograph.
189
Identify the structures in the small animal thoracic radiograph.
190
Identify the structures in the small animal thoracic radiograph.
191
Identify the structures in the small animal thoracic radiograph.
192
Identify the structures in the small animal thoracic radiograph.
193
Identify the structures in the small animal thoracic radiograph.
194
Identify the structures in the small animal thoracic radiograph.
195
How would you know if the heart is big in your canine and feline patients?
196
What is a normal canine vertebral heart size?
197
What is a normal feline vertebral heart size?
198
What does a vertebral left atrial size tell us in our canine or feline patients?
199
Describe how to measure/calculate a vertebral left atrial size? (small animal medicine)
200
Is this small animal thoracic radiograph normal?
201
Is this small animal thoracic radiograph normal?
202
Identify the structures in the small animal thoracic radiograph.
203
What are your differentials if both the pulmonary arteries and veins are small on radiographs? (small animal medicine)
204
What are your differentials if both the pulmonary arteries and veins are big on radiographs? (small animal medicine)
205
What are your differentials if only the pulmonary artery is big on radiographs? (small animal medicine)
206
What are your differentials if only the pulmonary vein is big on radiographs? (small animal medicine)
207
Identify the pathology in this thoracic radiograph. (small animal medicine)
208
Identify the pathology in this thoracic radiograph. (small animal medicine)
209
Identify the pathology in this thoracic radiograph. (small animal medicine)
210
Identify the pathology in this small animal thoracic radiograph.
211
If your canine/feline patient is hypovolemic what would you expect to see on their thoracic radiograph?
212
A caudal vena cava to aorta ratio that is greater than ___ suggests right sides heart disease.
213
Identify the pathology in this small animal thoracic radiograph.
214
List the structures of pulmonary interest when evaluating a thoracic radiograph in your small animal patient.
215
Identify the different areas that make up the pulmonary portion of a thoracic radiograph.
216
List the different pulmonary patterns that exist.
217
What are your differentials for an interstitial pattern in the lungs? (small animal medicine)
218
Identify the pathological lung pattern.
219
Identify the pathological lung pattern.
220
What are your differentials for a bronchial pattern in the lungs? (small animal medicine)
221
Identify the pathological lung pattern.
222
What are your differentials for an alveolar pattern in the lungs? (small animal medicine)
223
Identify the pathological lung pattern.
224
Identify the pathological lung pattern.
225
What are your differentials for a vascular pattern in the lungs? (small animal medicine)
226
Identify the pathological lung pattern in this radiograph.
227
Identify the pathology in this radiograph.
228
What are some common tracheal pathologies we may see in our small animal thoracic radiographs?
229
Identify the pathology in this radiograph.
230
Identify the pathology in this radiograph.
231
Identify the pathology in this radiograph.
232
Describe e what pleural effusion looks like on thoracic radiographs.
233
Identify the pathology in this radiograph.
234
What does pericardial effusion look like on thoracic radiographs?
235
Identify the pathology in this radiograph.
236
Identify the pathology in this radiograph.
237
In CV cases, should you routinely get 2 views or 3 views? (small animal medicine)
238
In dogs and cats, a systolic blood pressure less than ___ mmHg is considered hypotension. A MAP of less than ___ mmHg is problematic.
239
In most cats and dogs with chronic CHF, you want a BP grater than ___ mmHg.
240
Dogs typically have a systolic blood pressure greater than __mmHg while cats have it less than ___ mmHg.
241
How do we measure blood pressure in our small animal patients?
242
What are some situations where we want to measure systemic blood pressure in our small animal patients?
243
What is a cardiac biomarker?
244
Name and describe the different leakage cardiac biomarkers in our small animal patients.
245
Name and describe the different functional cardiac biomarkers in our small animal patients.
246
Describe troponin I and troponin T as cardiac biomarkers in our small animal patients.
247
Describe C-BNP as cardiac biomarkers in our small animal patients.
248
Describe NT-proBNP as cardiac biomarkers in our small animal patients.
249
____ testing can help differentiate if a cough is due to CHF or respiratory disease.
250
BNP testing can help us identify animals with ___ heart disease.
251
When should you use a SNAP NT-proBNP in cats?
252
Natriuretic peptides are a _____, the gold standard remains _____.
253
List the different kinds of echo modes we can use during echocardiography. (small animal medicine)
254
What will you see on echo of a small animal patient with pericardial effusion?
255
The left atrium MUST be enlarged in animals with _____.
256
What are the goals of a focused echo exam in our small animal patient?
257
How can we differentiate CHF for respiratory disease in dogs?
258
How can we differentiate CHF for respiratory disease in cats?
259
____ suggests there is active fluid accumulation (ascites, edema).
260
Define left sided congestive heart failure.
261
Define right sided congestive heart failure.
262
Forward heart failure is synonymous with low ____.
263
Describe Stage A heart disease according the the ACVIM/ECVIM stages of heart disease.
264
Describe Stage B heart disease according the the ACVIM/ECVIM stages of heart disease.
265
Describe Stage C heart disease according the the ACVIM/ECVIM stages of heart disease.
266
Describe Stage D heart disease according the the ACVIM/ECVIM stages of heart disease.
267
What are the most important tests/signs to confirm congestive heart failure? (small animal medicine)
268
How do we pick drugs to treat heart disease in veterinary medicine?
269
What are the most common causes of death in dogs and cats with CHF?
270
What are the most common CHF drugs that we use in small animal medicine?
271
Initial treatment for CHF in small animals includes a 4 drug regimen, what are they?
272
Describe the use of furosemide in treating CHF in small animal patients.
273
What are the side effects of furosemide? (small animal medicine)
274
What are the different ways we use furosemide in our small animal patients with CHF?
275
Describe the use of pimobendan in treating CHF. (small animal medicine)
276
What are the possible side effects of pimobendan in small animal patients?
277
Describe the use of pimobendan in cats.
278
How do we use pimobendan off label? (small animal medicine)
279
What positive effects do ACE inhibitors have in small animal patients?
280
Why do we use ACE inhibitors in our small animal patients?
281
What are the therapeutic recommendations for using ACE inhibitors? (small animal medicine)
282
What are the possible side effects of ACE inhibitors?
283
What are the side effects of spironolactone? (small animal medicine)
284
What are the side effects of spironolactone? (small animal medicine)
285
What are the side effects of spironolactone? (small animal medicine)
286
What are the effects of benazepril and spironolactone? (small animal medicine)
287
When is a thoracentesis indicated?
288
When is an abdominocentesis indicated? (small animal medicine)
289
What should our dietary recommendations be in our patients with CHF? (small animal medicine)
290
When should we recommend exercise restriction in our small animal patients with CHF?
291
What are some reasons to recurrent CHF in our small animal patients?
292
Describe the different antiarrythmic drugs based on the Vaughan-Williams classification. (small animal medicine)
293
____ is a cardiac glycoside that is used as an antiarrhythmic drug in small animal medicine.
Digitalis
294
Describe class 1A antiarrhythmic drugs used in small animal medicine.
295
Describe class 1B antiarrhythmic drugs used in small animal medicine.
296
Describe class 1B antiarrhythmic drugs used in small animal medicine.
297
Describe class 1C antiarrhythmic drugs used in small animal medicine.
298
Describe the clinical use of lidocaine in small animal medicine.
299
Describe the clinical use of mexiletine in small animal medicine.
300
Describe the clinical use of quinidine in small animal medicine.
301
Describe the clinical use of procainamide in small animal medicine.
302
List the different class II antiarrhythmic drugs used in small animal medicine.
303
Describe the clinical use of class II antiarrhythmic drugs used in small animal medicine.
304
What are the side effects of class II antiarrhythmic drugs? (small animal medicine)
305
What are the different class III antiarrhythmic drugs used in small animal medicine? What are they used for?
306
What are the different class IV antiarrhythmic drugs used in small animal medicine?
307
What are the clinical uses class IV antiarrhythmic drugs used in small animal medicine?
308
What are the side effects of class IV antiarrhythmic drugs used in small animal medicine?
309
What is digitalize glycoside used for in small animal medicine? What are its two main effects?
310
What ECG changes would you expect to see in your small animal patient treated with digitalis?
311
What are the signs of digitalis intoxication in small animals?
312
How do we monitor digoxin concentrations in our small animal patients?
313
What are the potential effects of cardiac arrhythmias in our small animal patients?
314
Describe what a sinus rhythm looks like on ECG. What is the treatment? (small animal medicine)
315
Describe what a sinus arrhythmia looks like on ECG. What is the treatment? (small animal medicine)
316
Identify the rhythm. What is the treatment? (small animal medicine)
317
Identify the rhythm. What is the treatment? (small animal medicine)
318
Identify the rhythm. What is the treatment? (small animal medicine)
319
Identify the rhythm. What is the treatment? (small animal medicine)
320
Identify the rhythm. What is the treatment? (small animal medicine)
321
Identify the rhythm. (small animal medicine)
322
What are the different treatment options for supraventricular tachycardia? (small animal medicine)
323
Describe the use of vagal maneuver to correct an arrhythmia. (small animal medicine)
324
What is the main indication for diltizem? What are the side effects? (small animal medicine)
325
Identify the rhythm. (small animal medicine)
326
How does the presence or absence of heart disease affect our treatment for atrial fibrillation in our small animal patients?
327
What is the treatment for atrial fibrillation if there is significant heart disease? (small animal medicine)
328
What is the optional heart rate during atrial fibrillation? (small animal medicine)
329
What is the treatment for atrial fibrillation if there is no significant heart disease? (small animal medicine)
330
Identify the rhythm. (small animal medicine)
331
Identify the rhythm. (small animal medicine)
332
Identify the rhythm. (small animal medicine)
333
Identify the rhythm. (small animal medicine)
334
How do we manage ventricular arrhythmias in the short term and the long term? (small animal medicine)
335
Identify the rhythm, does it need treatment? (small animal medicine)
336
Identify the rhythm, does it need treatment? (small animal medicine)
337
Identify the rhythm, does it need treatment? (small animal medicine)
338
What are the indications for defibrillation in our small animal patients?
339
What is defibrillation?
340
Defibrillation chances of restoring a pulse decrease rapidly with ____.
341
Identify the rhythm. (small animal medicine)
342
Identify the rhythm. (small animal medicine)
343
What is the treatment for sick sinus syndrome? (small animal medicine)
344
Identify the rhythm. (small animal medicine)
345
What are the causes of atrial standstill? (small animal medicine)
346
What are the treatment options for atrial standstill in our small animal patients?
347
Identify the rhythm, does it require treatment? (small animal medicine)
348
Identify the rhythm, does it require treatment? (small animal medicine)
349
Identify the rhythm. (small animal medicine)
350
Identify the rhythm, does it require treatment? (small animal medicine)
351
Identify the rhythm, is treatment required? (small animal medicine)
352
Identify the rhythm. (small animal medicine)
353
Identify the rhythm. (small animal medicine)
354
Identify the rhythm, is treatment required? (small animal medicine)
355
What are the different therapeutic options for bradycardias? (small animal medicine)
356
How would you preform an atropine response test?
357
List the different kinds of cardiac pacemakers we have in small animal medicine.
358
What do we know about the effects of pacemakers in our small animal patients?
359
____ abounds to 5% of heart diseases in dogs and cats.
Congenital Heart disease
360
What are the different congenial heart diseases we see in our small animal patients?
361
What are the most common congenital heart diseases found in cats?
362
What are the most common congenital heart diseases found in dogs?
363
Describe your clinical approach to congenial heart disease. (small animal medicine)
364
What is patent ductus arteriosus? What are the outcomes?
365
What clinical signs and history are most consistent with patent ductus arteriosus?
366
What physical exam findings are most consistent with patent ductus arteriosus?
367
What ECG findings are most consistent with patent ductus arteriosus?
368
What thoracic radiographic findings are most consistent with patent ductus arteriosus?
369
What are the minimally invasive treatment options for patent ductus arteriosus? (small animal medicine)
370
Describe a thoracotomy as a treatment option for patent ductus arteriosus.
371
Compare and contrast the different treatment options for patent ductus arteriosus.
372
What is pulmonic stenosis? What are the consequences? (small animal medicine)
373
List some canine breeds that are predisposed to pulmonic stenosis.
374
Describe the clinical signs and history consistent with pulmonic stenosis. (small animal medicine)
375
Describe the physical exam findings consistent with pulmonic stenosis. (small animal medicine)
376
Describe the thoracic radiographic findings consistent with pulmonic stenosis. (small animal medicine)
377
Describe the different Doppler gradients we may see in pulmonic stenosis. (small animal medicine)
378
What are the classical findings in a dog/cat with pulmonic stenosis?
379
Describe the use of a balloon valvuloplasty for pulmonic stenosis. (small animal medicine)
380
Describe aortic stenosis in our small animal patients.
381
Describe subvalvular aortic stenosis in our small animal patients.
382
What are some of the canine breeds predisposed to subaortic stenosis?
383
Describe the clinical signs and history consistent with subaortic stenosis. (small animal medicine)
384
Describe the physical exam findings consistent with subaortic stenosis. (small animal medicine)
385
Describe the ECG findings consistent with subaortic stenosis. (small animal medicine)
386
Describe the thoracic radiographic signs consistent with subaortic stenosis. (small animal medicine)
387
Describe the different Doppler gradients we can see with subaortic stenosis. (small animal medicine)
388
What are the treatment options for subaortic stenosis? (small animal medicine)
389
What are the classical findings for a dog/cat with subaortic stenosis?
390
How can we use OFA screening to help diagnose early subaortic stenosis? (small animal medicine)
391
What is a ventricular septal defect? (small animal medicine?
392
What are the consequences of a ventricular septal defect? What canine breeds are predisposed?
.
393
What physical exam findings are most consistent with a ventricular septal defects? (small animal medicine)
394
What ECG findings are most consistent with a ventricular septal defects? (small animal medicine)
395
What thoracic radiographic findings are most consistent with a ventricular septal defects? (small animal medicine)
396
What are the different therapeutic options for ventricular septal defects in cats/dogs?
397
What are the classification findings for a dog/cat with a ventricular septal defect?
398
What is an atrium septal defect? What breeds are predisposed? (small animal medicine)
399
What canine breeds are predisposed to an atrial septal defect?
400
What auscultation findings would you expect in a dog with an atrial septal defect?
401
What is AV valve dysplasia? (small animal medicine)
402
What are the cardiac consequences of AV valve dysplasia? (small animal medicine)
403
List some of the the defects associated with right to left shunting and cyanosis. (small animal medicine)
404
What are some problems associated with right to left shunting? (small animal medicine)
405
What are the 4 pathologies that make up tetrology of fallot? (small animal medicine)
406
What are the classical findings of a dog/cat with tetralogy of fallot?
407
What are the consequences of right to left VSD? (small animal medicine)
408
What is Eisenmenger’s syndrome? (small animal medicine)
409
Describe Cor Triatriatum Dexter in dogs.
410
Describe Cor Triatriatum Sinister in cats.
411
Describe supravalvular mitral stenosis in cats.
