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Anatomy 1 > Small Intestine > Flashcards

Small Intestine Flashcards

1
Q

What are the main parts of the small intestine?

A

duodenum, jujunum, ileum

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2
Q

What is the peritoneum made from and what is its function?

A

2 layers that are continuous with each other – made up of simple squamous epithelial cells called the mesothelium
Serous lining

It supports and upholds organs and provides a route for blood vessels

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3
Q

What are the two types of peritoneum?

A

visceral - wrapped around the internal organs that are located inside the intraperitoneal cavity (surrounds the gut tube and organs)

parietal - outer layer and is attached to the abdominal wall

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4
Q

What are intraperitoneal organs?

A

enveloped by visceral peritoneum

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5
Q

What are retroperitoneal organs?

A

on the outside of visceral peritoneum eg duodenum, pancreas, rectum

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6
Q

What is mesentery and where is it found?

A

Double layer of visceral peritoneum – connects the structure to the posterior abdominal wall. Mesentery contains blood vessels, nerves and lymphatics

Found in the abdomen, where it surrounds the intestines.

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7
Q

What is omentum and where is it found?

A

Sheets of visceral peritoneum extending from the stomach and duodenum to other abdominal organs such as the liver.

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8
Q

What shape is the duodenum?

A

C shaped

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9
Q

What does the duodenum receive?

A

chyme
pancreatic juice
bile

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10
Q

What differs the lining of the duodenum to the lining of the jejunum and ileum?

A

The duodenum has numerous mucus secreting glands in the submucosa named Brunner’s glands

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11
Q

Where does the lining of the duodenum and stomach transition?

A

at the pyloric sphincter

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12
Q

Where does the duodenum end?

A

at the duodenojejunal junction

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13
Q

What do Brunner’s glands secrete?

A

Secrete alkaline and mucous secretions to protect the duodenum from acidity of chyme, provide optimal condition for intestinal enzymes to be active and for lubrication

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14
Q

What is the first part of the duodenum and where is it?

A

Superior -ascends upwards from the pylorus of the stomach, and is connected to the liver by the hepatoduodenal ligament. This area is most common site of duodenal ulceration.

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15
Q

What is the second part of the duodenum and where is it?

A

Descending -curves inferiorly around the head of the pancreas. It lies posteriorly to the transverse colon, and anterior to the right kidney.

This is site of major duodenal papilla

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16
Q

What is the third part of the duodenum and where is it?

A

Inferior -travels laterally to the left, crossing over the inferior vena cava and aorta. It is located inferiorly to the pancreas, and posteriorly to the superior mesenteric artery and vein.

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17
Q

What is the four part of the duodenum and where is it?

A

Ascending -after the duodenum crosses the aorta, it ascends and curves anteriorly to join the jejunum at a sharp turn known as the duodenojejunal flexure.

Located at the duodenojejunal junction is a slip of muscle called the suspensory muscle of the duodenum. Contraction of this muscle widens the angle of the flexure, and aids movement of the intestinal contents into the jejunum.

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18
Q

Where is bile produced and stored?

A

gallbladder

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19
Q

How does bile and pancreatic juice enter the small intestine?

A

via the pancreatic and bile duct which combine to create ampulla of vater

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20
Q

What controls pancreatic and bile secretions?

A

sphincter of oddi
a vascular valve

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21
Q

What is the merged duct of bile and pancreatic juice called?

A

ampulla of vater

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22
Q

What is the rounded projection at the opening of the common bile duct and the pancreatic duct?

A

major duodenal papilla

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23
Q

What is present in only 10% of people?

A

minor duodenal papilla

24
Q

What does fatty chyme stimulate the release of?

A

peptide hormones secretin, CCK

25
Q

What does CCK do?

A

CCK promotes pancreatic digestive enzymes via the pancreatic duct. CCK also stimulates contraction of the gallbladder, thus propelling bile into the common bile duct.

26
Q

What artery supplies the duodenum before the major duodenal papilla?

A

superior pancreatic duodenal artery from gastroduodenal artery from the coeliac trunk

27
Q

What artery supplies the duodenum after the major duodenal papilla?

A

the inferior pancreaticoduodenal artery from the superior mesenteric artery

28
Q

What is the folded organisation of the mucosa and submucosa called?

A

plicae circulares

29
Q

What can duodenum ulcers cause?

A

air under the diaphragm

30
Q

What is peritonitis?

A

Peritonitis happens when the peritoneum becomes inflamed. A rupture of a ulcer causes bacteria to exist small intestine and spread across peritoneum causing infection

31
Q

What is the role of the duodenum?

A

mainly digestive

32
Q

What is the role of the jejunum?

A

digestive and absorption

33
Q

What is the role of the ileum?

A

absorption

34
Q

Describe the lining of the small intestine? (excluding duodenal mucous cells)

A

Mucosa
simple columnar epithelium with villa and microvilla surface with enterocytes – tall columnar epithelium that have an absorptive function
goblet cells – exocrine glands which secrete mucin
crypts of Lieberkuhn (where hormones are secreted and new stem cells found)
lymphoid tissue known as Peyer’s patches are a prominent feature within the lamina propria. thickening of epithelium as immune response
muscularias mucosa

Submucosa
contain Meissner’s plexus. These nerves come from the parasympathetic nervous system.

Muscularis Propria/Externa
in between the inner circular muscle layer and the outer longitudinal layer is the myenteric (Auberbach) plexus. it is responsible for peristalsis and motor innervation to both layers of muscle and has both parasympathetic and sympathetic innervation.

Serosa
two layers of mesothelium (visceral peritoneum)

35
Q

Where does the jejunum begin and where does the ileum end?

A

jejunum starts at the duodenojejunal flexure and the ileum ends at the ileocaecal junction.

36
Q

What contains the jejunum and ileum?

A

free border of mesentery

37
Q

What is the role of circular muscle in peristalsis?

A

local contraction and breakdown

38
Q

What is the role of longitudinal muscle in peristalsis?

A

moves chyme further along as well as breakdown

39
Q

What is the difference in intestinal wall thickness between jejunum and ileum?

A

jejunum -thick
ileum -thin

40
Q

Where do the veins of the duodenum drain?

A

superior mesenteric then hepatic portal vein

41
Q

Where is the arterial supply of the jejunum and ileum from?

A

superior mesenteric artery

42
Q

Where do the veins of the jejunum and ileum drain?

A

superior mesenteric vein which unites with splenic vein to form hepatic portal vein

43
Q

What do the 20 branches of the superior mesenteric artery anastomose to form?

A

arcades from which vasa recta arteries arise

44
Q

Which has more arcades?

A

ileum

45
Q

Which has the longer vasa recta artery?

A

jejunum

46
Q

What is an example of a malabsorption syndrome?

A

anaemia

47
Q

What happens at the illeo-caecal valve/junction?

A

vitamin B12 and bile acid absorption

48
Q

What happens in coeliac disease?

A

autoimmune disease in which gluten cannot be digested and builds up in enterocytes
enterocytes are attacked by autoantibodies and high junctions are damaged
the damaged villi also decreased the absorption of nutrients leading to malnourishment

49
Q

What happens in crohns disease?

A

Crohn’s is a autoimmune condition that results in inflammation of the lining of the alimentary system. It can occur anywhere along the gastrointestinal tract and results in inflammation and collections of granulomas-chronic inflammatory cells

50
Q

What is cystic fibrosis?

A

inherited disorder that causes mucus to become thick and glue like sticky mucus blocks ducts in the pancreas and prevents enzymes from reaching the small intestine to digest food therefore food is not fully digested and can cause pain and cramping

51
Q

What is meckels diverticulum?

A

an outpouching or bulge in the lower part of the small intestine. The bulge is congenital (present at birth) and is a leftover of the umbilical cord.

52
Q

Where are Brunner’s glands?

A

Brunner’s glands are located in the submucosa of the duodenum

53
Q

How is the liver connected to the duodenum?

A

hepatoduodenal ligament.

54
Q

What does secretin do?

A

stimulates production of bicarbonate in the pancreas so it is released in pancreatic juice through the ampulla of vater

55
Q

Where is the venous drainage of the duodenum from?

A

splenic/ superior mesenteric vein to the portal vein

56
Q

Where are the hormones secreted from in the SI?

A

Enteroendocrine cells

57
Q

What are the tall columnar cells called?

A

enterocytes

Anatomy 1 (18 decks)

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