Small Notes

Question 1

what 3 toxins can show seizures in response to external stimuli

Answer 1

strychnine, roquefortine and pyrethroid insecticides

Question 2

pathognomonic sign for strychnine toxicity

Answer 2

intermittent tonic convulsions with response to external stimuli

Question 3

smell of metaldehyde in stomach contents

Answer 3

apple cider

Question 4

pathognomonic sign of fluoroacetate in dogs

Answer 4

running fits between intermittent tonic clonic convulsions

Question 5

zinc phosphide sign

Answer 5

distinct liver damage

Question 6

thallium (old metal based rodenticide) sign

Answer 6

brick red MM, tonic clonic

Question 7

pyrethroid insecticides

Answer 7

like organophosphate but no muscarinic signs

Question 8

cyanide sign

Answer 8

cherry red blood, tonic clonic convulsions, dyspnea

Question 9

blue-green algae signs

Answer 9

CNS signs, convulsions, dyspnea

Question 10

ANTU sign

Answer 10

massive pulmonary edema

Question 11

nitrate signs

Answer 11

methemoglobin, tonic clonic convulsion, chocolate brown blood

Question 12

compost signs

Answer 12

produce microtoxins – tremors and shakes

Question 13

inorganic arsenic

Answer 13

severe gut damage and neuro signs

Question 14

organic arsenic

Answer 14

CNS signs but continue to eat

Question 15

inorganic mercury

Answer 15

GI and neuro signs

Question 16

organic mercury

Answer 16

CNS signs but continue to eat

Question 17

how do you differentiate urea from nitrite toxicity

Answer 17

urea will have elevated rumen pH; nitrite will have chocolate brown blood

Question 18

what are the convulsions like with metaldehyde

Answer 18

continuous tonic clonic

Question 19

smell with cyanide toxicity

Answer 19

bitter almond smell

Question 20

stance often seen with urea toxicity

Answer 20

saw-horse stance

Question 21

diagnosis of chronic copper poisoning

Answer 21

chocolate brown blood (methemoglobin) and liver damage

Question 22

causes of hemolysis

Answer 22

chronic copper, zinc, chlorates, phenothiazine, canola/mustard plants, red maple, onion, copper

Question 23

causes of liver damage

Answer 23

chronic copper, zinc, phenothiazine, pyrollizidine alkaloids, aflatoxin, iron, acetaminophen

Question 24

causes of methemoglobin

Answer 24

chronic copper, chlorates, nitrites, drugs (acetaminophen), benzocaine derivatives (lidocaine, esp. cats), red maple (horse)

Question 25

causes of emaciation

Answer 25

Mo toxicity, selenium, fluoride, PCBs, ergot

Question 26

causes of diarrhea

Answer 26

Mo, arsenic, salt

Question 27

causes of bone problems

Answer 27

Mo, fluoride, lead, cadmium

Question 28

causes of sudden death

Answer 28

nitrate-nitrite, organophosphate-carbamate insecticides, organochlorine insecticides, urea, cyanide, chlorate, metals (lead, mercury, arsenic, copper), water hemock, death camas, strychnine, ANTU, fluoroacetate, metaldehyde, blue-green algae

Question 29

causes of sudden death in healthy dog with history of seizures

Answer 29

strychnine, metaldehyde, fluoroacetate, zinc phosphide, chlorinated hydrocarbon insecticides, organophosphate/carbamate insecticides, pyrethrins, lead, fluoride, carbon monoxide, requefortine, thallium, cyanide, blue-green algae, compost

Question 30

causes of bleeding

Answer 30

anticoagulant rodenticide, dicoumarol, bracken fern, radiation, mycotoxins (aflatoxin, T-2), pyrrolizidine alkaloids, vitamin E (mega dose)

Question 31

causes of pulmonary edema/dyspnea

Answer 31

organophosphate/carbamate insecticides (bronchoconstriction), urea, ammonia gas, hydrogen sulfide gas, PCB's, monensin, cyanide, blue-green algae, nitrite, anticoagulant rodenticides, ANTU

Question 32

causes of cardiovascular disease

Answer 32

selenium toxicity, grain overload, monensin, gossypol (cottonseed meal), ethylene glycol, botulism, vitamin E/Se deficiency, clenbuterol, neurogenic myopathies

Question 33

causes of CNS excitation

Answer 33

salt poisoning, chlorinated hydrocarbon insecticides, organophosphate/carbamate insecticides, lead, strychnine, fluoracetate, arsenic, mercury, zinc phosphide, blue-green algae, pyrethrins

Question 34

causes of running fits

Answer 34

fluoroacetate. sometimes seen in zinc phosphide

Question 35

causes of severe GIT manifestations, shock and death

Answer 35

acute copper, inorganic arsenic, inorganic mercury, cadmium, lead, lincomycin

Question 36

causes of convulsions in dog

Answer 36

lead, organophosphate/carbamate insecticides, chlorinated hydrocarbons (organochlorines), urea, strychnine, salt, metaldehyde, fluoroacetate, zinc phosphide, roquefortine, thallium, pyrethroid insecticides, cyanide, blue-green algae, ANTU, nitrite/nitrate, compost, plants (water hemlock, death camas)

Question 37

causes of kidney damage

Answer 37

oxalates, oak, cadmium, lead, arsenic, mercury

Question 38

causes of kidney damage

Answer 38

oxalates, oak, cadmium, lead, arsenic, mercury

Question 39

effect of lincomycin

Answer 39

destroys gut microflora leading to C. difficile overgrowth

Question 40

treatment of zinc toxicity

Answer 40

heparin or dicoumarol

Question 41

treatment of mercury in pets

Answer 41

BAL (chelator)

Question 42

what is best to analyze for strychnine

Answer 42

stomach contents

Question 43

what is best to analyze for strychnine

Answer 43

stomach contents

Question 44

what position do animals have when poisoned with ANTU

Answer 44

dog sitting position

Question 45

diagnosis of CN poisoning

Answer 45

measurement of cyanhemoglobin in heparinized blood