Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Anatomy and Physiology > Small Parts > Flashcards

Small Parts Flashcards

(116 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

Organic Compounds of the body:

A

lipids, carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acids, vitamins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Vitamins are classified by their solubility. Fat-soluble VS. water-soluble…?

A

Fat-soluble: A,D,E,K

Water-soluble: B,C

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Carbohydrate are compounds made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. They power cellular processes. The types of carbohydrates include:

A

Monosaccharides (simple sugars)
Disaccharides (double sugars) or 2 simple sugars combined by a type of covalent bond
Polysaccharides (complex sugars)
Oligosaccharides ( simple sugar made of 2-10 monosaccharides)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Proteins are the most abundant. They include and consist of:

A

amino acids.

enzymes, plasma proteins, actin and myosin, hormones, antibodies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Lipids have numerous functions, but mostly supply energy to the body. The most common types are:

A 
Triglycerides
Phospholipids
Steroids (''one'' or ''ol'')
Cholesterol
Bile salt
lipid hormones
prostaglandins
lipoproteins
fat-soluble vitamins
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Nucleic acids are macromolecules form from nucleotides, they consist of:

A

DNA

RNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Catabolism

A

breakdown of larger molecules into smaller one

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Anabolism

A

Building of larger substances from smaller ones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Solvent

A

a solution that does the dissolving or contains the dissolved components

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Solute

A

dissolved particles contained within a solvent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Primary cations of the body

A

Sodium
Potassium
Calcium
Magnesium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Primary anions

A

Bicarbonate
Chloride
Phosphorus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Membrane potential

A

The difference in charge between the intracellular compartment and extracellular compartment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Transmembrane proteins

A

Allow specific substances to enter or exit the cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Voltage-gated ion channels

A

form of transmembrane channel that are activated by a change in membrane potential

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Glycolysis

A

The breakdown of glucose beginning with the attachment to phosphate molecules and ending in the formation of two pyruvate molecules and 2 net ATP and NADHs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Diffusion

A

particles move from area of high concentration to area of low concentration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Facilitated diffusion

A

particles move from area of high concentration to area of low concentration with the aid of carrier protein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Active transport

A

movement of particles against a concentration gradient requiring the expenditure of ATP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

If too much water leaves the cell, how does the cell react?

A

It shrinks in a process known as crenation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

If too much water enters the cell, how does the cell react?

A

It swells and bursts, in a process known as lysis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Osmosis

A

movement of of a solvent from an area of low solute concentration to one of high concentration in order to equalize the concentration gradient

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Filtration

A

The movement of water and a dissolved substance from an area of high pressure to an area of low pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Three forms of endocytosis

A

receptor-mediated, phagocytosis, pinocytosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Exocytosis
process by which substances that are stored in vesicle are secreted from the cell
26
Exocrine glands
use ducts to transfer products
27
Endocrine glands
secrete products into tissue fluid or blood
28
Connective tissue
Three categories are proper, supporting, and fluid
29
Striated muscle tissue
myofibrils aligned to produce a constant one-directional tension
30
What allows myocytes to contract as a single unit?
intercalated disks
31
Serous membranes
line body cavities that are closed to the outside
32
Mucous membrane
line body cavities that open to the outside
33
Synovial membrane
form incomplete linings to the synovial joints
34
Cutaneous membrane
the skin
35
membranes
thin structures made up of epithelium and an underlying connective tissue
36
Five ways the body reduces excess heat
Convection, conduction, radiation, evaporation, respiration
37
An organ is composed of?
At least two kinds of tissue
38
What happens to the blood vessels in a hot environment?
they dilate to facilitate heat radiation
39
What happens to the blood vessels in a cold environment?
They constrict in order to shunt blood from the surface and decrease heat radiation
40
Yellow marrow is contained in the
appendicular skeleton
41
Red marrow is contained in the
axial skeleton
42
Long bone anatomy:
epiphysis, diaphysis, metaphysis
43
Synarthroses
joint with no movement
44
amphiarthroses
joint with limited movement
45
diarthroses
joint with free movement
46
bursae
fluid-filled cavity or sac that reduces the friction between tendon and bone or tendon and ligament
47
Auditory ossicles
The hammer (malleus), anvil (incus), and the stirrup (stapes)
48
paranasal sinuses
air-filled cavities. They reduce the weight of the skull and facilitate voice resonance
49
How many cervical vertebrae?
7
50
How many thoracic vertebrae?
12
51
How many lumbar vertebrae?
5
52
How many sacral vertebrae?
5
53
How many coccygeal vertebrae
4, fused together in adult to make tailbone
54
Sternum anatomy
manubrium (superior), central sternal body, manubriosternal junction (angle of louis)
55
Suprasternal notch
space superior to the manubrium or jugular notch
56
The mediastinum is and contains what?
Central cavity located within the thorax. Contains the heart, great vessels, part of the esophagus, lymphatic channels, trachea, primary bronchi, and paired vagus and phrenic nerves
57
Acromion process
a projection of the scapulae and an attachment site for the clavicle and various should muscles
58
Plexuses
Areas where spinal nerves come together and transmit impulses to areas of body by way of a common nerve
59
The brachial plexus forms the?
axillary, radial, musculocutaneous, ulnar, and median nerves
60
skeletal muscles function in?
Groups of agonists, synergists, and antagonists. Agonists contract and antagonists relax to allow smooth movement.
61
Which organelle stores and releases calcium ions
sarcoplasmic reticulum
62
What makes up each muscle fiber?
myofibrils
63
Myofibrils are made up of basic contractile units, called?
sarcomeres
64
Sarcomeres of made up of?
myofilaments
65
Myofilaments are made up of four types of?
contractile proteins: actin, myosin, troponin, tropomyosin
66
Nerve impulses aka?
Action potentials
67
muscle relaxation is caused by?
decomposition of ACh via acetylcholinesterase
68
acetylcholine (ACh) stimulates?
muscle contraction
69
What stores and carries oxygen in muscle cells?
myoglobin
70
Oxygen debt is equivalent to?
the amount of oxygen the liver requires to convert lactic acid to glucose
71
Neuroglia is?
The connective or supporting tissue of the nervous system. It makes up about half the mass of the brain.
72
The five functions of Neuroglia are?
1. Supporting skeleton for neural tissue 2. isolate and protect cell membranes of neurons 3. regulates composition of interstitial fluid 4. defend neural tissue from pathogens 5. aid in the repair of injury
73
monoamine oxidase breaks down?
monoamine
74
Neurotransmitter categories
Amino acids Biogenic amines choline esters neuropeptides
75
A portion of the temporal lobe that deals with speech comprehension
Wernicke's area
76
A portion of the inferior frontal lobe that deals with word formation and expression
Broca region
77
The diencephalon consists of the?
epithalamus, thalamus, hypothalamus, and subthalamus
78
Functions of the hypothalamus?
Temperature regulation, sleep-wake cycle, controls muscles for shivering, swallowing, cardiac muscle, smooth muscles, glands Inhibits or promotes eating through hunger and satiety, promotes drinking through thirst modulation, regulates psychosomatic illness, stress-related conditions, fear, rage, regulates pituitary gland secretions and affects metabolism and sexual development and functions
79
The limbic system or the ''emotional brain'' is responsible for?
1. involved in the generation, integration, and control of emotions 2. connects them with behavioral responses (anger, fear, anxiety, tension, etc.) 3. transition of short-term to long-term memory
80
The reticular activating system (RAS)?
filters and sends impulses to cerebrum and keeps body awake | maintains consciousness by interaction with cerebral cortex
81
Brainstem consists of?
midbrain, pons, and medulla
82
The five spinal nerve plexuses are the?
``` Cervical plexus Brachial plexus Lumbar plexus Sacral plexus Coccygeal plexus ```
83
CN I
olfactory
84
CN II
optic
85
CN III
oculomotor
86
CN IV
trochlear
87
CN VI
abducens
88
CN VII
facial
89
CN VIII
vestibulocochlear
90
CN IX
glossopharyngeal
91
CN X
vagus
92
CN XI
accessory
93
CN XII
hypoglossal
94
adrenergic receptors are categorized into these types
alpha-1 and 2, beta-1, 2, and 3
95
amine hormones are derived from and secreted by?
amino acids | the adrenal medullae and thyroid gland
96
steroid hormones are derived from and secreted by?
cholesterol | the ovaries, testes, and adrenal cortex
97
thyroid-stimulating hormone causes?
the thyroid gland to release T3 and T4 which regulated metabolism of carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins. Ultimately, it determines the body's basal metabolic rate.
98
Which two hormones in conjunction maintain a homeostasis of calcium in the body?
PTH (stimulates release of calcium)v and calcitonin (increases storage of calcium)
99
The thymus is where and releases what hormone (s)?
behind the sternum within the mediastinum it releases hormones collectively known as thymosin thymosin promotes the maturation of B lymphocytes
100
Four types of endocrine cells within the islets of langerhans?
Alpha-glucagon Beta-insulin Delta-somatostatin F cells
101
glucagon does what?
stimulates the conversion of glycogen to glucose in the liver
102
The adrenal cortex layers?
innermost--glucocorticoids and gonadocorticoids (sex) Middle zone--glucocorticoids outer zone--mineralocorticoids
103
Corticosteroids are synthesized from?
cholesterol
104
Heparin does what?
inhibits blood clotting
105
What is the coagulation cascade?
a set of interactions that ends in the formation of a clot
106
Extrinsic pathway of the clotting cascade?
damage to the tissues
107
Intrinsic pathway of the clotting cascade?
the result of damaged platelets releasing clotting factors
108
The final product of the coagulation cascade?
prothrombin
109
What happens to prothrombin in the cascade?
prothrombin->thrombin->fibrinogen->fibrin
110
During S1 the valves...?
the mitral and tricuspid valves close at the start of systole
111
During S2 the valves...?
the aortic and pulmonic valves close at the end of systole
112
What is the Frank-Starling effect?
An increase in stretch results in an increase in contraction
113
Which coronary artery supplies the left ventricle?
the left anterior descending artery | the circumflex coronary artery
114
The right coronary artery supplies?
the right atrium, right ventricle, SA node, AV node
115
Which four properties do cardiac cells demonstrate?
automaticity excitability conductivity contractility
116
Three layers of blood vessels?
tunica intima, media, and adventitia

Anatomy and Physiology (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions