SMALL STOCK DISEASES AND VACCINATION PROTOCOLS

Question 1

Respiratory Disease - Pasteurella multocida

what is the clinical signs

Answer 1

1. Fever
2. Lethargy
3. Anorexia
4. Coughing
5. Nasal Discharge

Question 2

Respiratory Disease - Pasteurella multocida

What is the treatment ?

Answer 2

 Antibiotics
 NSAIDS
 Rumen stimulants
 Multivitamins

Question 3

What is the clinical signs of rumen acidosis ?

Answer 3

 Diarrhea
 Dehydration
 Ataxia

Postmortem
 Rumenitis
 Watery rumen content
 Often liver abscessation
 Cerebrocortical necrosis (B1 deficiency)

Question 4

What is the treatment for rumen acidosis ?

Answer 4

 Magnesium oxide
 Activated charcoal
 Penicillin
 Vit B1
 NSAIDS

Question 5

What transmits the blue tong vector ?

Answer 5

Culicoides Imicola

Question 6

What is the clinical signs of Blue tong ?

Answer 6

• Dental pad ulcerations
• Coronitis
• Facial swelling and oedema

Question 7

Blue tongue treatment ?

Answer 7

 Anti-inflammatories
 Antibiotics
 Aspirin

Question 8

What causes Heart water ?

Answer 8

Ehrlichia Ruminatium transmitted by Amblyomma Habraeum
tick occuring north of the Magliesburg
mountain range moving south

Question 9

What is the clinical signs of Heart water ?

Answer 9

Neurological signs and
paddling

Question 10

What is the treatment of Heart water ?

Answer 10

Terramycin @ dose of 1ml/10kg

Question 11

What causes Pulpy kidney ?

Answer 11

Often encountered when animals are placed on
good quality diets or deworming without prior vaccinations

Clostridium perfringens type D produces Epsilon toxin

Question 12

What is the clinical signs of Pulpy kidney ?

Answer 12

• Acute death with no overt symptoms shown
• Neurological signs in older ewes with preformed
immunity- FSE

Question 13

What are the postmortem sighs of pulpy kidney?

Answer 13

• Glucosuria!!
• Hydropericardium with an associated chicken fat clot
• Autolyzed kidneys- always compared to the liver

Question 14

What is the most potent toxin known to man ?

Answer 14

Botulism

Seen commonly after ingestions of bones/dead organic material

Question 15

Explain Tetanus

Answer 15

Caused by Clostridium Tetani
Blocks release of inhibitory neurotransmitters and results in a spastic paralysis as well as death as a result of respiratory muscle paralysis

Question 16

Explain POLIOENCEPHALOMALACIA

Answer 16

Known as star gazers
seen with
1. Acidosis
2. Sulphur overdose
3. Amprolium overdose

All 3 are associated with thiamine(B1) deficiency
essential for glucose co-production and is necessary for the functioning of Na/K pump

Without the NA/K pump: Fluid accumulates intracellularly and results in neuronal swelling

Question 17

How do we diagnose POLIOENCEPHALOMALACIA

Answer 17

When put under UV light, brain will fluoresce

Question 18

What are the clinical signs of Wireworm?

Answer 18

1. Anemia
2. Bottle jaw
3. Eventual death

Question 19

What can be done to resist the occurrence of wireworm resistance to deworming?

Answer 19

1. Strategic dosing
2. Moving to dry camp
3. Breed for resistance

Question 20

What are the compulsory vaccines in small stock?

Answer 20

1. Against Anthrax - Bacillus Anthracis

Question 21

What are the essential vaccines in small stock?

Answer 21

1. Blue tongue
2. Pulpy kidney
3. Heart water
4. Rift Valley fever

Question 22

Explain blue tongue vaccine?

Answer 22

Three vaccinations, three weeks apart split into vaccine A,B and C in order to incorporate all 21 serotypes

Never administer to pregnant ewes- will cause
ewes to abort. Vaccinate 9W before breeding
and Rams after breeding

Question 23

Explain Pulpy kidney vaccine

Answer 23

Always vaccinate at least two weeks prior to deworming

Question 24

When is heart water vaccine given?

Answer 24

Given to lambs at one week of age

Question 25

When should Rift valley fever vaccine be given?

Answer 25

Early spring to all animals over six months

Question 26

Vaccinations in your programme must include:

Answer 26

1. Respiratory pathogens (P. Multocida) 2. Multivalent clostridial vaccine 3. Multiminerals 4. Metaphylactic antibiotics 5. Implants 6. Dewormers

Question 27

What are implants?

Answer 27

Used at the start of feeding period as it increases production efficiency by 15%

Question 28

Explain the work of Zilmax

Answer 28

Beta-adrenergic agonist which increases intracellular cAMP concentrations. Leads to increased rate of lipolysis and decreased lipogenesis. Also increase muscle mass through various physiological pathways. Inclusion rate-largely depends on intake (DMI) Often included at 70g/ton