Smith.18Peripartum Ruminant

Question 1

What is the incidence of dystocia in Holsteins?

Answer 1

50% of heifers

30% of cows

require calving assistance

Question 2

What are examples of disorders in pregnancy and peripartum period that negatively affect the health of the dam and fetus during late gestation?

Answer 2

uterine torsion

vaginal prolapse

hydrops allantois

hydrops amnii

metabolic disorders

Question 3

When does uterine torsion usually occur?

Answer 3

late first-stage or early second-stage labor

Question 4

What are risk factors for uterine torsion in cows?

Answer 4

poor maternal muscle tone

strong fetal movement

reduced rumen fill

calf birth weigh tabove average

greater proprtion of fetuses male (63%)

higher in cows compared with heifers

Question 5

what are clinical signs of a uterine torsion?

Answer 5

fever

tachyardia

tachypnea

straining

anorexia

vaginal discharge

Question 6

Uterine torsion on rectal palpation feels like?

Answer 6

• dependent on whether the orsion is to the left or the right
• braod ligament is pulled tightly across the uterus

Question 7

Most uterine torsions are which direction?

Answer 7

to the left (counterclockwise)

Question 8

In a uterine torison, the uterus rolls toward which horn?

Answer 8

uterus rolls toward and over the nongravid horn

Question 9

What is the outcome for manual delivery after correction of uterine torsion?

Answer 9

vaginal delivery after manual correction 20%

rolling of the cow: 18%

Cesarean section performed in 35% of cases

Question 10

What is the prognosis for fetal survival in uterine torsion dependent on?

Answer 10

duration of parturition before intervention (longer =worse)

the presence of fetal membranes (worse with detachment)

Question 11

What is the primary predisposition to cervicovaginal prolapse in cattle?

Answer 11

elevated plasma estrogen concentrations

Question 12

What are factors that contribute to the risk of vaginal prolapse?

Answer 12

increased intraabdominal pressure in late pregnancy

obesity

poor vaginal conformation

Question 13

Is vaginal prolapse recurrent in cows?

Answer 13

likely to recurr

**recommend culling when calf is weaned

Question 14

what is ring womb in sheep and goats?

Answer 14

incomplete dilation of the cervix

Question 15

Are there any predisposing factors to ring womb?

Answer 15

No

Question 16

Is prostaglandin E2 administration effective in the dilation of the cervix?

Answer 16

No

Question 17

What is early dilation syndrome in sheep?

Answer 17

Incomplete dilation fhte cervix ocurs approximately 7 to 14 days before term

**ewe has no udder or overnight blooming of udder

**lambs born alive are not viable

Question 18

Early dilation syndrome in sheep occurs most frequently in:

Answer 18

ewe lambs

first -lambing 2 yr olds

**occasionally older ewes

Question 19

Hydrallantois is often associated with disease of :

Answer 19

the uterus

Question 20

Hyrdamnios is often associated with disease that is:

Answer 20

genetic or congenital defects of the fetus

**dexter cattle with bulld dog calves

angus calves with osteopetrosis

Guernsey calves iwth piutiary hypolasia or pituitary aplasia

Question 21

Define hydrops allantois

Answer 21

progressive accumulation of allantoic fluid

Question 22

accumulation of allantoic fluid from mid-gestation is associated with:

Answer 22

placental dysfunction

Question 23

What is appreciated on rectal palpation of a cow with hydrops allantois?

Answer 23

tight distension o futerus

fetus & placentomes are not palpable d/t tightness of uterine wall

Question 24

What is the recommended treatment for hydrops allantois?

Answer 24

poor px– salvage slaughter recommended

Question 25

Hydraminios is associated with what?

Answer 25

genetic (austosomal recessive) or congenitally defective fetuswith swallowing impaired and fluid accumulates

Question 26

What is appreciated on rectal papation of cow with hydramnios?

Answer 26

placentomes & fetus are palpable per rectum

Question 27

What is the prognosis for cattle with hydramnios?

Answer 27

Good-- calf i not viable

Question 28

What is the prevalence of hydrallantois compared to hyramnios?

Answer 28

hydrallantois: 85-95% Hydramnios: 5 - 15%

Question 29

Define abnormal offspring syndrome:

Answer 29

Range of abnormalities seen with the transfer of bovine embryos producted and mainpulated in vitro resulting in abnormalities in conceptuses, foetuses, placentas and offspring

Question 30

What is important in environmental management in the peripartum period in cows?

Answer 30

Stress (heat/col) around the tiem of parutirition may compromise fetus or neonate

Question 31

When is assessment of fetal viabiity performed in production animals?

Answer 31

rarely done, unless prepartum dam is diseased or debilitated

Question 32

Abdominal ultrasound is useful for examining ruminants peri-parturition to determin fetal viability, what parameters are seen following fetal death?

Answer 32

absence of fetal heartbeat thickening of uterine wall increased echogenciity of chorioallantoic and amniotic fluid altered fetal posture & defnition altered contour of the amnion reduced fentiion and ultimately size of the caruncles

Question 33

with induced parturition, when is the viability of the calf good?

Answer 33

within 14 days of anticipated calving date

Question 34

Secretion of what prior to parturition increases and plays important role in the cascade of endocrine eentings leading to parturition?

Answer 34

fetal glucocorticoid hormone secretion from adrenal glands

Question 35

What drugs can be used to induce partiurtion in cattle?

Answer 35

dexamethasone: 20 - 30 mg alone or in combination with 25 mg PGF2alpha

Question 36

What drugs can be used to induce parturition in sheep and goats ?

Answer 36

10 to 20 mg dexamethasone and/or 15 mg PGF2alpha

Question 37

What is a common complication with induction of parturition with dexamthasone and why, in cattle?

Answer 37

retention of fetal membranes d/t failure of immune-assessted detachment of fetal membranes & accompanying release of chemotactic factors

Question 38

The efficiency of oxygen transfer to the fetus is increased in the fetus compared to adults due to:

Answer 38

high oxygen affinity of fetal hemoglobin

Question 39

Oxygenated blood flow to the fetus is delivered through what vessel? and then pathway of blood through fetus

Answer 39

umbilical vein --\> anastomoses with portal vein near liver --\> 2/3rds blood shunted via ductus venosus directly to caudal vena cava --\>ca vena cava drains into right atrium --\>50% of blood shunts from R to L atrium via foramen ovale

Question 40

In the fetus, pulmonary arterial resistance is higher than systemic arterial resistance, what percentage of pulmonary artery flow is shunted into aorta vs perfusing the lung?

Answer 40

Pulmonary artery flow: 70% shunts via ductus arterious into aorta 30% perfuses the lung

Question 41

What vessels carry blood back from the fetus to the placenta via the umbilicus?

Answer 41

2 umbilical arteries arise from the aorta in teh region of the last lumbar vertebra \*\*predominantly carrying venous blood back to placenta

Question 42

The majority of lung fluid in the fetus is absorbed through alveolar walls in the initial stages of ventilation, what is this mechanism controlled by?

Answer 42

activaiton of adrenaline-mediated alpha-adrengeric receptors in the pulmonary epithelium

Question 43

Pulmonary ventilation decreases pulmonary vascular resistance, promoting perfusion of ventilated alvolar tissue. The increased O2 saturation of blood sitmulates close of what structure?

Answer 43

The ductus arteriosus w/in 4 to 5 minutes of birth

Question 44

When does the foramen ovale close in the fetus?

Answer 44

Functionally closes with 5 to 20 minutes of birth

Question 45

Why does the foramen ovale close soon after birth?

Answer 45

Increased pulmonary venous return raises blood pressure in teh left atrium, reversing the right to left shunt

Question 46

What is the name of tissue that closes the foramen ovale?

Answer 46

The septum secundum \*\*thin fold of tissue that lies in cloe apposition to eh foramen & acts as a valve closing the opening

Question 47

When does anatomic closure of the foramen ovale and ductus arteriosus occur?

Answer 47

within several weeks

Question 48

Explain the mechanism, with dystocias why we see continued right to left vascular shunts?

Answer 48

Dystocia-- prolonged hypoxia & acidosis --\>maintains constriciton of pulmonary arterioles= maintenance of high pulmonary vacsulr resistance= favored maintaince of R to L shunt

Question 49

What is the normal duration of stage 2 labor in ruminants?

Answer 49

multiparous animals- 30 minutes primiparous animals - 60 minutes

Question 50

Fetal viability in ruminants is improved with early intervention in a dystocia, when should you intervene?

Answer 50

multiparous animals: assisted within 30 to 60 minutes primiparous animals: assisted within 60 to 90 minutes

Question 51

How do newborns maintain thermoneutrality?

Answer 51

Maintained via shivering and metbaolism of brown adipose tissue

Question 52

In older cows what are the common causes of dystocia?

Answer 52

weak labor secondary to: hypocalcemia uterine torsion incompelte cervical dilation

Question 53

What is a common cause of dystocia in heifers?

Answer 53

fetoplevic incompatibility

Question 54

During parturition what reflexes can be tested in the calf presenting in **anterior** presentation?

Answer 54

Reflexes: * interdigital * bulbar * swallowing

Question 55

During parturition what reflexes can be tested in the calf presenting in **posterior** presentation?

Answer 55

Reflexes: * interdigital * anal pulses in umbilical cord

Question 56

Failure to elicit reflexes/responses in the fetus during parturition is confirmatory of death?

Answer 56

No \*\*because failure to elicit relfexes can be observed in severely acidotic live calves

Question 57

Post birth when should calves: * head right reflex? * sternal recumbency? * attempts to stand?

Answer 57

* head right reflex: immediately after birth * stneral: 2 to 4 minutes * Stand: 15 to 30 minutes (calves) (10 to 20 minutes lambs)

Question 58

Failure of maternal bonding is more common with

Answer 58

primiparous dams multiple offspring following delivery via caesarean section

Question 59

If calf does not breath or move spontaneously within a few seconds of birth, what can be performed to initiate a gasping reflex?

Answer 59

tactile stimulations; insertin finrge ro legnth of straw in nasal cavity inching the nasal septum rubbing calfs body with straw or towel pouring cold water in ear or over the head or body of calf

Question 60

In dyspneic neonatal calves the, the respiratory center can be stimulates with respiraotry stimulants, such as

Answer 60

doxa pram (1 to 2 mg/kg IV) \*\*drug is nonselective \*\*caution in repeat dosing d/t vosulions in hypoxic neonate

Question 61

Thermoregulation is important as recovery from acidosis is dlayed by hypothermia. Cold stress lead sto:

Answer 61

increased metabolic needs produces hypoxia hypercarbia metabolic adisosis potentailly hypoglycemia