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Cardiology.CV.hemolymph > Smith.Ch6.AlterationsinCardiovascularandHemolymphaticsystems > Flashcards

Smith.Ch6.AlterationsinCardiovascularandHemolymphaticsystems Flashcards

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1
Q

Define Edema

A

abnormal accumulation of extracellular fluid in the interstitial spaces of the tissues or in body cavities that can be generalized or localized

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2
Q

What are the forces that govern fluid movements at the capillary level?

A
  1. intravascular hydrostatic pressure
  2. interstitial fluid hydrostatic pressure (keep fluid in capillary)
  3. Intravascular colloid oncotic pressure exerted by plasma proteins
  4. interstitial fluid colloid osmotic pressure
  5. vascular surface area capable of fluid transport
  6. vascular permeability to proteins and water
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3
Q

What are the most common causes of increased capillary permeability?

A

trauma
infection
endotoxemia
hypersensitivity (allergic) vasculitis

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4
Q

In horses and ruminants, what is the most common causes of increased hydrostatic pressure?

A

-CHF
-venous thrombosis
-liver dz causing obstruction of portal venous thrombosis
-lymphadneopathy
-cranial mediastinal mass
-compression bandage
-limb immbolization
topica administraiton of counterirritants

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5
Q

CHF cause of increased hydrostatic pressure?

A

pulmonary & vascular systemic congestion
–compensatory salt and water retention increases ventricular diastolic, venous and capillary pressure= formation of generalized edema

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6
Q

Causes of hypoproteinemia?

A
  1. decreased production of plasma proteins: starvation, liver dz, severe heart failure
  2. augmented loss of plasma proteins resulting form kidney disease, PLE, (johnes disease, chronic inflammatory bowel disease), peritonitis, or pleuritis
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7
Q

lymphedema occurs when lymphatics are absent or obstructed, what are causes of this edema in horses/cattle?

A

-congenital absence– rare
-tumor
-local inflammation (lymphangitis or lymphadenitis)
-elevated ventral venous pressure (ie: heart failure)

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8
Q

Common causes of peripheral edema, pleural effusion, and ascites in horses

A

-chronic right sided or biventricular heart failure
-pericarditis
-pleuritis/pleuropneumonia
-peritonitis
-pregnancy
-neoplasia: lymphosarcoma
-cranial mediastinal mass
-hypoproteinemia
-liver dz
-GI malabsorption: infalmmatoyr bowel dz, neoplasia, parasitism
-vasculitis
-equine infectious anemia
-purpura hemorrhagica
-Anaplasma phagocytophilum
-equine viral arteritis
-thrombophlebitis
-lymphatic obstruction
-ulcerative lymphantiis
-lymphadenitis (corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis abscesses)
Trauma
-Equine viral arteritis
-Thrombophlebitis

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9
Q

Uncommon causes of peripheral edema, pleural effusion and ascites in horses

A

-aortic cardiac fistula
-aortopulmonary fistula
heart base tumor other than lymphosarcoma
-neoplasia: mesothelioma, melanoma, plasma cell myeloma, squamous cell carcinoma, fibrosarcoma
-starvation
-kidney dz, glomerulonephritis, amyloidosis
-ionophore toxicity
-copper deficiency
-counterirritant application
-hemodilution
-ruptured bladder
-Cassia occidentalis toxicity

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10
Q

Common causes of peripheral edema, pleural effusion and ascites in ruminants

A

-chronic right sided heart failure
-high altitude disease (brisket disease)
-cor pulmonale
-pericarditis (traumatic reticulopericarditis)
-pleuritis
-pregnancy (udder edema in heifers)
-cr mediastinal mass: lymphosarcoma
-hypoproteinemia
-liver disease
-kidney disease: amyloidosis, glomerulonephritis
-Gi malabsorption, lymphosaromca, Johnne’s dz, parasitism
-lymphatic obstruction (corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis, lymphosarcoma)
-thrombophlebitis
-urolithiasis ruptured urethra or bladder

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11
Q

Uncommon causes of peripheral edema, pleural effusion, and ascites in ruminants

A

-mycoplasma wenyoni
-idiopathic hemorrhagic pericardial effusion
-chronic right sides heart failure d/t cardiomyopathy, infectious myocarditis, ionophore toxicity
-starvation
-hemodilution
-copper deficiency
-vasculitis
trauma
-caudal vena caval thrombosis
-anaplasmosis
-gossypol toxicity
-cassia occidentalis
-phalaris spp toxicity
-oxytropis (locoweed) toxicity

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12
Q

Common causes of cardiac arrythmias in horses

A

-excitement
-autonomic imbalance
-fever
-sepsis
-toxemia
-hypoxemia
-colic
-disorders of acid base or electrolyte homeostasis
-congenital defects
-myocarditis
-valvular disease
-idiopathic (presumptive myocardial fibrosis or fibrofatty infiltrate)

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13
Q

Uncommon causes of cardiac arrhythmias in horses

A

-ionophore toxicity
-ziplatrerol toxicty
-anesthesia
-other drugs
-pericarditis
-cardiomyopathy
-cardiac or heart base tumor
-aortic root rupture
-aortopulmonary rupture
-atypical myopathy
-aortic regurgitation
-severe hemorrhage
-dynamic upper airway obstruction
-rattlesnake envenomation
-cardiotoxic plants
-hyperthyroidism (iatrogenic)

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14
Q

Common causes of cardiac arrythmias in ruminants

A

-GI disease
-Lymphosarcoma
-valvular heart disease
-myocardial diseases
-brisket dz
-pericarditis
-cor pulmonale
-excitement
-foot rot
-fever
-sepsis
-toxemia
-disorders of acid-base or electrolyte homeostasis
-myocarditis

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15
Q

Uncommon causes of cardiac arrythmias in ruminants

A

-ionophore toxicity
-Beta-adrenergic agonist (zilpaterol) toxicity
- anesthesia
-hypoxemia
-cardiomyopathy
-autonomic imbalance
-cardiotoxic plants (Rhododendron and Taxus spp.)

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16
Q

Automaticity/ the ability to initiate action potentials spontaneously is a property of cells located where?

A

-sinus note
-part of atria
-AV junction
-His-purkinje system

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17
Q

Primary arrhythmias can be caused by pathologic conditions of the heart, such as:

A

myocarditis
valvular disease
conduction system abnormalities
pericarditis

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18
Q

Secondary arrhythmias develop in the absence of heart disease, such as those caused by:

A

-excitement
-fever
-sepsis
-hypoxemia
-acid-base disorders
-electrolyte abnormalities
-Gi disturbances
-anemia
-severe hemorrhage
-anesthesia
-ionophores
-other drugs
-toxemia

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19
Q

Placement of base-apex lead for ecg

A

negative lead– 2/3 rigth jugular furrow from the ramus of the mandible to the thoracic inlet

lead 1 or II: right arm
lead III: left arm

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20
Q

Common causes of cardiac murmurs in horses:

A

valvular regurgitation
congenital defects
anemia
excitement
fever
functional murmur
exercise

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21
Q

Uncommon causes of cardiac murmurs in horses

A

aortic cardiac fistula
aortopulmonary fistula
cardiomyopathy
pericarditis
cranial mediastinal abscess

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22
Q

Common causes of cardiac murmurs in ruminants

A

-anemia
-excitement
-fever
-functional murmur
-valvular regurgitation
-congenital defects
-lymphosarcoma
-pericarditis (usually traumatic reticulopericarditis)

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23
Q

Uncommon causes of cardiac murmurs in ruminants

A

-cardiomyopathy
-myocarditis

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24
Q

What is the graded scale of cardiac murmurs?

A

Grade 1: soft
Grade 2: soft murmur heard immediately
Grade 3: murmur of moderate intensity
Grade 4: loud murmur, with faint palpable thrill
Grade 5: loud murmur with palpable thrill
Grade 6: loud murmur, audible with stethoscope held away form the chest

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25
The presence of a musical murmur indicates:
vibration of a cardiac structure such as rupture of one of the chordae tendinea or torn valve leaflet
26
Diastolic murmurs occur between which heart sounds?
S2 and S3 (ventricular filling murmurs) OR S2 and S1 (aortic regurge or rarely, pulmonic)
27
Which lesion is described as a continuous washing machine murmur? **heard in a foal
patent ductus arteriosus
28
Which lesion is described as a continuous washing machine murmur? **heard in an adult
aortic cardiac fistula secondary to rupture of the aortic root or of a sinus Valsalva aneurysm aorticopulmonary fistula--Fresian horses
29
A continuous washing machine murmur in cattle is heard over the left cardiac areas is associated with what lesion?
traumatic pericarditis --d/t accumulation of fluid, gas, fibrin within the pericardium
30
Reasons for muffled heart sounds:
1. pericardial effusion: displacement of the heart from the thoracic wall by fluid 2. abscess or tumor: soft tissue mass 3. pneumothorax, pneumomediastinum, or emphysema: air
31
Common causes of muffled heart sounds in horses
obesity large or thick chest wall pericarditis or pericardial effusion neoplasia lymphosarcoma pleural abscess chronic heart failure
32
Uncommon causes of muffle heart sounds in horses
pulmonary emphysema pneumothorax neoplasia: mesothelioma, squamous cell carcinoma, fibrosarcoma
33
Common causes of muffled heart sounds in ruminants
pneumothorax idiopathic hemorrhagic pericardial effusion
34
Common causes of exercise intolerance, weakness and syncope in horses
myocardial disease cardiac arrhythmias aortic or pulmonary artery rupture aortoiliac femoral thrombosis congenital heart defects chronic heart failure pericardial disease hyperkalemic periodic paralysis
35
Common causes of exercise intolerance, weakness or syncope in ruminants:
myocardial disease cardiac arrhythmias congenital heart defects chronic heart failure
36
define syncope
sudden collapse and loss of consciousness (fainting)
37
The clinical signs of exercise tolerance, weakness or collapse that is caused by cardiovascular disease results from
failure to maintain cardiac output -- inability to regulate heart rate or stroke volume
38
At what heart rates and mechanism do horses maintain cardiac output?
INC cardiac output HR <210 beats/min: tachycardia HR 210-240: INC stroke volume
39
heart rates greater than 240 bpm limit cardiac output by
decreasing the time for diastolic perfusion of the myocardium or by limit in stroke volume because of the short diastolic intervals leave inadequate time for ventricular filling
40
What are the most common bradyarrythmias to cause clinical signs?
complete heart block advanced second degree heart block
41
Common causes of jugular venous distention and pulsation in horses
right sided heart failure left-sided heart failure with pulmonary hypertension cardiomyopathy atrial fibrillation tricuspid regurgitation cranial mediastinal mass lymphosarcoma abscess jugular venous phlebitis and thrombosis
42
Uncommon causes of jugular venous distention and pulsation in horses
ionophore toxicity pericarditis myocarditis ventricular tachycardia squamous cell carcinoma fibrosarcoma cor pulmonale chronic obstructive pulmonary disease overhydration
43
Common causes of jugular venous distention and pulsation in Ruminants
right sided heart failure left sided heart failure with pulmonary hypertension Vitamin E and selenium defiiciency (white muscle disease) cardiomyopathy tricuspid regurgitation pericarditis jugular venous phlebitis and thrombosis heart base abscess heart base tumor lymphosarcoma cor pulmonale caused by chronic pneumonia brisket disease
44
Uncommon causes of jugular venous distention and pulsation in ruminants
ionophore toxicity idiopathic hemorrhagic pericardial effusion overhydration cranial mediastinal mass
45
Abnormal jugular pulsation are associated with what side of the heart disease?
right sided --R-CHF --constrictive pericarditis -cardiomyopathy -tricuspid regurgitation
46
Common causes of painful peripheral swellings in horses
thrombophlebitis abscess (Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis) cellulitis hypersensitivity vasculitis (complicated by skin necrosis and secondary infection) Equine viral arteritis Equine granulocytic ehrlichiosis (Anaplasma phagocytophilum) equine infectious anemia purpura hemorrhagic clostridium spp myositis septic tenosynovitis bursitis mm disruption/hematoma fracture insect bite application of topical counter irritants, firing or soring
47
Uncommon causes of painful peripheral swellings in horses
frostbite piroplasmosis ulcerative lymphangitis epizootic lymphangitis glanders melioidosis sporotrichosis immune vasculitis aortoiliac thrombosis sporadic lymphangitis congenital lymph node and lymphati cdysgenesis hemangiosarcoma snakebite
48
Common causes of painful peripheral swellings in Ruminants
thrombophelbitis abscess clostridial myositis malignant edema blackleg mm disurption/trauma/hematoma carpal hygroma fescue foot ergotism cellulitis (inj site or wound) fracture insect bite frostbite
49
Uncommon causes of painful peripheral swellings in ruminants
disseminated hemangiosarcoma heartwater disease (Ehrlichia rumination, exotic) snake bite septic tenosynovitis bursitis
50
Common causes of enlarged lymph nodes in horses
strangles lymphosarcoma upper respiratory infection Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis lymphadenitis
51
Uncommon causes of enlarged lymph nodes in horses
ulcerative lymphangitis epizootic lymphangitis sporadic lymphangitis glanders melioidosis granulomatous lymphadenitis plasma cell myeloma tuberculosis hemolytic uremic syndrome
52
Common causes of enlarged lymph nodes in ruminants
caseous lymphadenitis (Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis) lymphosarcoma (including bovine leukosis virus) abscess or cellulitis of area drained
53
Uncommon causes of enlarged lymph nodes in ruminants
tuberculosis sporadic bovine encephalomyelitis malignant catarrhal fever
54
Describe when the arterial pressure occurs with heart contraction
-opening of the aortic valve & ventricular ejection -rises rapidly in early systole -pulse pressure reach peak and declines as ventiruclar ejection slows
55
Common causes of abnormal peripheral pulses in horses
dehydration shock toxemia congestive heart failure electrolyte imbalances acid-base disorders hypertension hypotension exercise fever laminitis aortic regurgitation cardiac arrhythmias
56
Uncommon causes of abnormal peripheral pulse in horses
aortic cardiac fistula aortopulmonary fistula peripheral arteriovenous shunt patent ductus arteriosus
57
When do hyperkinetic arterial pulses occur in patients with:
-INC cardiac output (fever, exercise, excitement) -INC stroke volume -bradycardia -aortic valave regurgitation -patent ductus arteriosis -aortic cardiac fistulas -aortopulmonary fistulas
58
In aortic valve regurgitation, the hyperdynamic pulses is caused by:
increased stroke volume (regurgitated blood int he left ventricle) -followed by rapid runoff of pressure later in systole (as a result of regurgitation)
59
Hypokinetic pulses are present in patients with diminished stroke volume, as seen in what conditions?
hypovolemia left ventricular failure mitral or aortic valve stenosis (RARE in lg animals)
60
Common causes of abnormal puerperal pulse in ruminants
dehydration shock toxemia congestive heart failure electrolyte imbalances acid-base disorders fever cardiac arrythmias
61
Uncommon causes of abnormal peripheral pulse in ruminants
patent ductus arteriosus aortic regurgitation peripheral arteriovenous shunt

Cardiology.CV.hemolymph (6 decks)

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