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Semester 2 Pharmacology > SO MANY DRUGS > Flashcards

SO MANY DRUGS Flashcards

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1
Q

Zoledronate

A
  • Bisphosphonate
  • Used to treat osteoporosis
  • Taken yearly
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2
Q

Dyflos

A 
• Anticholinesterase (organophosphate)
• Irreversible inhibition by phosphorylation 
• Long duration 
• Clinical use: Reverse non-depolarising drug, given with atropine or glycopyrrolate to counteract parasympathetic effect , Treatment of myasthenia Gravis, Glaucoma, Alzheimers 
• Side effects: In the ANS:
- SLUDGE
- Bradycardia 
- Hypotension 
- Miosis
- Bronchoconstriction 
• In the CNS:
- initially stimulation with convulsions then unconsciousness and respiratory failure
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3
Q

Warfarin

A
  • Anticoagulant
  • Affects haemostasis and thrombosis
  • Antagonist of vitamin K so prevents coagulation by reducing the formation of fibrin
  • Main side effect is haemorrhage, requires constant monitoring
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4
Q

Aspirin as an anti-platelet

A
  • Antiplatelet
  • Affects haemostasis and thrombosis
  • Inhibits cyclooxygenase, reducing the aggregation of platelets
  • Reduces thrombus formation
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5
Q

What drugs act as a β1 adrenoreceptor agonist?

A 
• Dobutamine 
• Adrenaline
Slightly:
• Salbutamol
• Salmeterol
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6
Q

Gemfibrozil

A
  • Fibrate
  • Cholesterol lowering drug
  • Activates lipoprotein lipase
  • Treats mixed dyslipidaemia
  • Side effects: Can cause myositis, GI disturbances
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7
Q

Tropicamide

A
  • Non selective muscarinic antagonist
  • ophthalmic use (mydriasis)
  • Similar to atropine but shorter acting
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8
Q

Ibuprofen

A
  • NSAID
  • Propanoic acid
  • Analgesic, anti-pyretic, anti-inflammatory
  • Rapid, reversible inhibition of cyclooxygenase, preventing the formation of Prostaglandins and thromboxanes
  • used for short term pain
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9
Q

Nifedipine

A
  • Voltage gated Ca2+ channel blocker (DHPR)

* Used to treat: Hypertension, Migrane, Atheroclerosis

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10
Q

Hyoscine butylbromide

A
  • Poorly absorbed
  • Doesn’t cross the blood brain barrier
  • Used to treat GI spasm
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11
Q

Salbutamol

A
  • Adrenoreceptor agonist (β2)
  • Effect: Bronchodilation, relaxation of uterine smooth muscle
  • Used to treat: Asthma, premature Labour (24 and 33)
  • Method of administration: Inhaler
  • Onset: Fast
  • Duration: Short
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12
Q

Phenylephrine

A
  • Adrenoreceptor agonist (α1)
  • Effect: Constriction of blood vessels
  • Used to treat: Upper respiratory tract infections
  • Method of administration: Oral, IV
  • Nasal decongestant
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13
Q

Cyanocobalamin

A

• Used to treat anaemia due to B12 deficiency

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14
Q

Diclofenac

A
  • NSAID
  • Analgesic, anti-inflammatory, antipyretic
  • Used for chronic pain, it is longer lasting
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15
Q

Ipratropium

A
  • Non-selective muscarinic antagonist
  • Delivered via inhaler or nebuliser
  • Treatment of COPD
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16
Q

Celecoxib

A
  • NSAID
  • Coxib
  • Selective COX-2 inhibitor
  • Need to assess cardiovascular risk before hand
  • Used in the treatment of osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis when traditional NSAIDs produce too severe GIT side effects
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17
Q

What are the non-selective muscarinic antagonists?

A
  • Atropine
  • Glycopyronium
  • Hyoscine hydrobromide
  • Hyoscine butyl bromide
  • Ipatropium
  • Tropicamide
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18
Q

Pyridostigmine

A 
• Anticholinesterase 
• Quaternary amine
• Forms a carbamylated enzyme complex 
• Medium duration 
• Clinical use: Reverse non-depolarising drug, given with atropine or glycopyrrolate to counteract parasympathetic effect, Treatment of myasthenia Gravis, Glaucoma, Alzheimers 
• Side effects: In the ANS:
- SLUDGE
- Bradycardia 
- Hypotension 
- Miosis
- Bronchoconstriction 
• In the CNS:
- initially stimulation with convulsions then unconsciousness and respiratory failure
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19
Q

Naproxen

A
  • NSAID
  • Propanoic acid
  • Analgesic, anti-pyretic, anti-inflammatory
  • Well absorbed
  • Lasts for 4-6 hours
  • Rapid, reversible inhibition of cyclooxygenase
  • Used for chronic pain
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20
Q

Dantrolene

A
  • Acts on the RYR
  • Used to treat muscle spasm and malignant hypothermia
  • Spasmolytic drug that acts as a muscle relaxant
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21
Q

Dobutamine

A
  • Adrenoreceptor agonist (β1)
  • Effect: Increases heart rate and force
  • Used to treat: Cardiogenic shock
  • Method of administration: IV
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22
Q

Pilocarpine

A
  • Non-selective muscarinic agonist
  • Effect: Constricts pupils, decreases intraocular pressure, increases salivation
  • Used to treat: Glaucoma, and xerostomia
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23
Q

What drugs act as a β2 adrenoreceptor agonist?

A
  • Salbutamol
  • Salmeterol
  • Adrenaline
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24
Q

Atovastatin

A
  • Cholesterol lowering drug
  • Statin
  • Inhibits HMG-CoA reductase- inhibits cholesterol production in the liver via the mevalonate pathway
  • Side effects: Myositis, Angio-oedema, GI disturbances, insomnia, rash
  • Used to prevent: Secondary MI and stroke-atherosclerosis, primary prevention of arterial disease in patients with high serum cholesterol
  • SPECIFIC TO ATORVASTATIN: lowers the serum cholesterol in familial hypercholesterolemia
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25
Glycopyrronium
* Non-selective muscarinic antagonist * Doesn't cross BBB * Similar to atropine
26
Bethanechol
* Non-selective muscarinic agonist | * Used to treat: Bladder and GI hypotonia
27
Pancuronium
* Non-Depolarising blocker (an antagonist, NMJ) * Medium onset * Long duration * Side effect: Tachycardia * Elimination: Hepatic metabolism
28
Suxemethonium
* Depolarising blocker * Fast onset * Short duration * Elimination: Plasma cholinesterases * Side effects: Bradycardia, malignant hypothermia, postoperative myalgia, increased IO pressure, cardiac dysrhythmias
29
Clonidine
* Adrenoreceptor agonist (stimulates presynaptic α2 to decrease noradrenaline release) * Treats hypertension * Oral
30
Alteplase
* Fibrinolytic * Affects haemostasis and thrombosis * Enzymatic tissue plasminogen activator * Binds to fibrin (preferably in the clot), activated plasminogen to release plasmin which breaks down the fibrin and dissolves the clot
31
Mefenamic acid
* NSAID * Fenamate * Analgesic, anti-pyretic, anti-inflammatory
32
Nicotinic acid (niacin)
* Cholesterol lowering drug * Vitamin with cholesterol lowering properties * Decreases VLDL production leading to decreased LDL * Activates lipoprotein lipase * Side effects: Flushing, palapatiations, GI disturbances
33
Atropine
* Non-selective muscarinic antagonist * Effect: CNS effects * Well absorbed orally * Used to treat: anti-cholinesterase poisoning, bradycardia/ cardiac arrest * Adjunct for anaesthesia
34
Alendronate
* Bisphosphonate * Used to treat osteoporosis * Taken weekly/daily
35
What are the non depolarising drugs?
* Pancuronium * Rocuronium * Vecuronium * mivacurium * Atracurium
36
Clopidogrel
* Antiplatelet * Affects haemostasis and thrombosis * Acts as an antagonist for ADP receptors and prevents the aggregation of platelets * Reduces thrombus formation
37
Fenofibrate
* Fibrate * Cholesterol lowering drug * Activates lipoprotein lipase * Treats mixed dyslipidaemia * Side effects: Can cause myositis, GI disturbances
38
What are the non-selective muscarinic agonists?
* Pilocarpine | * Bethanechol
39
Pravastatin
* Cholesterol lowering drug * Statin * Inhibits HMG-CoA reductase- inhibits cholesterol production in the liver via the mevalonate pathway * Side effects: Myositis, Angio-oedema, GI disturbances, insomnia, rash * Used to prevent: Secondary MI and stroke-atherosclerosis, primary prevention of arterial disease in patients with high serum cholesterol
40
Heparin
* Anticoagulant * Affects haemostasis and thrombosis * Acts as a scaffold bringing antithrombin III (inhibitor of coagulation) in proximity to enzymes that are essential to the normal coagulation pathways * Acts almost immediately: injected * Reduces fibrin formation
41
Ezetimibe
* Cholesterol lowering drug * Reduces intestinal cholesterol absorption by inhibiting a sterol carrier in the brush border of the enterocytes * Side effects: GI symptoms: Bloating, nausea, constipation etc.
42
Mivacurium
* Non-Depolarising blocker (an antagonist, NMJ) * Fast onset * Short duration * Elimination: Plasma cholinesterases * Side effect: Hypotension and bronchospasm
43
What are the fibrinolytics?
* Alteplase | * Streptokinase
44
What drugs act as an α1 adrenoreceptor antagonist?
• Prazosin
45
Aspirin as a NSAID
* Salicylate * Antipyretic, anti-inflammatory, analgesic * Irreversibly inhibits cyclooxygenase by acetylating the alpha-amino group of the terminal serine Side Effects: • Stomach: bleeding and ulcers • Systemic: tinnitus, dizziness, impaired hearing, nausea, vomiting • Metabolic: affects the acid/base balance • Haemostasis: affects blood coagulation • CNS effects: stimulation then coma and respiratory depression • Renal: insufficiency in susceptible patients and with chronic used and overdose
46
Parathion
``` • Anticholinesterase (organophosphate) • Irreversible inhibition by phosphorylation • Long duration • Clinical use: Reverse non-depolarising drug, given with atropine or glycopyrrolate to counteract parasympathetic effect , Treatment of myasthenia Gravis, Glaucoma, Alzheimers • Side effects: In the ANS: - SLUDGE - Bradycardia - Hypotension - Miosis - Bronchoconstriction • In the CNS: - initially stimulation with convulsions then unconsciousness and respiratory failure ```
47
Rocuronium
* Non-Depolarising blocker (an antagonist, NMJ) * Fast onset * Medium duration * Side effects: Tachycardia * Elimination: unchanged in bile/urine
48
Hyoscine hydrobromide
* Non-selective muscarinic antagonist * CNS effects * Used to treat hyper salivation, motion sickness
49
What drugs act as a β1 adrenoreceptor antagonist?
* Propranolol | * Atenolol
50
What are the antiplatelets?
* Clopidogrel | * Aspirin
51
Adrenaline
* Adrenoreceptor agonist (α1, β1, β2) * Increases heart rate and force, causes bronchodilator and decreases release of histamine by mast cells * Treats cardiac arrest * IV
52
Apixaban
* Anticoagulant (DOAC) * Affects haemostasis and thrombosis * Inhibits factor Xa * Takes a few hours to act: oral * Monitoring is not needed * Cannot be reversed * Reduces fibrin formation
53
Vecuronium
* Non-Depolarising blocker (an antagonist, NMJ) * Medium onset * Medium duration * Hepatic metabolism * Few side effects
54
Atenolol
* Adrenoreceptor antagonist (β1) * Decreases heart rate and force * Decreases renin release by the kidneys * Treats: Hypertension, cardiac dysthythmias * Oral
55
Rosuvastatin
* Cholesterol lowering drug * Statin * Inhibits HMG-CoA reductase- inhibits cholesterol production in the liver via the mevalonate pathway * Side effects: Myositis, Angio-oedema, GI disturbances, insomnia, rash * Used to prevent: Secondary MI and stroke-atherosclerosis, primary prevention of arterial disease in patients with high serum cholesterol
56
Atracurium
* Non-Depolarising blocker (an antagonist, NMJ) * Medium onset * Medium duration * Elimination: ester hydrolysis/Hoffman elimination * Side effect: hypotension and bronchospasm
57
Cholestrylamine
* Cholesterol lowering drug- basic anion exchange resin * Sequesters bile acid to prevent the enterohepatic recirculation * Increase the number of LDL receptors in the liver, resulting in a removal of LDL from the blood * Side effects: GI symptoms: nausea, Diarrhoea, constipation, bloating
58
Salmeterol
* Adrenoreceptor agonist (β2, slightly β1) * Effect: Bronchodilation * Used to treat: Asthma * Method of administration: Inhaler * Onset: slower * Duration: longer
59
What drugs act as an α2 adrenoreceptor agonist?
• Clonidine
60
Hydroxocobalmin
* Used to treat anaemia due to a B12 deficiency | * 5 doses on alternative days then 3 a month
61
What drugs are used to treat osteoporosis?
Bisphosphonates: • Alendronate • Zoledronate
62
What are the anti cholinesterases?
* Neostigmine * Pyridostigmine * Dyflos * Parathion
63
What is used to treat a vitamin B12 deficiency?
* Hydroxocobalmin | * Cyanocobalamin
64
What are the anticoagulants?
``` • Warfarin • Heparin • Rivaroxaban • Apixaban All reduce fibrin formation ```
65
What are the types of NSAIDS?
Salicylates • Aspirin Propanoic acids: • Ibuprofen • Naproxen Fenmates: • Mefenamic acid
66
Which drugs activate lipoprotein lipase?
* Fenofibrate (Fibrate) * Gemfibrozil (Fibrate) * Nicotinic acid
67
Neostigmine
``` • Anticholinesterase • Quaternary amine • Forms a carbamylated enzyme complex • Medium duration • Clinical use: Reverse non-depolarising drug, given with atropine or glycopyrrolate to counteract parasympathetic effect • Side effects: In the ANS: - SLUDGE - Bradycardia - Hypotension - Miosis - Bronchoconstriction • In the CNS: - initially stimulation with convulsions then unconsciousness and respiratory failure ```
68
What are the depolarising drugs?
Suxmethonium
69
Propranolol
* Adrenoreceptor antagonist (β1) * Decreases heart rate and force * Decreases renin release by the kidneys * Treats: Hypertension, cardiac dysthythmias * Oral
70
Streptokinase
* Fibrinolytic * Affects haemostasis and thromboisis * Non-enzymatic protein * Binds to fibrin non-selectively, activated plasminogen to release plasmin which breaks down the fibrin and dissolves the clot
71
What drugs act as an α1 adrenoreceptor agonist?
* Phenylephrine | * Adrenaline
72
Simvastatin
* Cholesterol lowering drug * Statin * Inhibits HMG-CoA reductase- inhibits cholesterol production in the liver via the mevalonate pathway * Side effects: Myositis, Angio-oedema, GI disturbances, insomnia, rash * Used to prevent: Secondary MI and stroke-atherosclerosis, primary prevention of arterial disease in patients with high serum cholesterol
73
Rivaroxaban
* Anticoagulant (DOAC) * Affects haemostasis and thrombosis * Inhibits factor Xa * Takes a few hours to act: oral * Monitoring is not needed * Cannot be reversed * Reduces fibrin formation
74
Dexamethasone
* Glucocorticoid * Inhibits the induction of COXs, induces lipocortin (PLA2 inhibitor) * Used to treat: Rheumatoid arthritis, bronchospasm, chemotherapy
75
Iloprost
* Prostacyclin analogue * Activates prostacyclin receptor * Treats: Pulmonary hypertension
76
Zileuton
* 5-lipoxygenase inhibitor | * Treats asthma
77
Zafirukast
* LT receptor antagonist * Inhibits leukotriene action by blocking its receptor * Used to treat asthma
78
Dipyridamole
* TXA2 synths inhibitor * Inhibits thromboxane A2 synthese * Used to treat pulmonary hypertension, stroke prevention (with aspirin)

Semester 2 Pharmacology (11 decks)

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