soᥴιᥲᥣ strᥲtιfιᥴᥲtιoᥒ Flashcards
(56 cards)
Say as much as you remember about Davis and Moore’s theory.
DAVIS & MOORE (1945)
🅵🆄🅽🅲🆃🅸🅾🅽🅰🅻🅸🆂🆃
яσℓє αℓℓσ¢αтισи тнєσяу
-> in order for society to function, roles must be allocated depending on an individual’s skill, hard work and talent
-> the main function of social stratification is motivating people to push themselves to have the best skill and talent so that they achieve wealth and status
-> society is a meritocracy and social stratification is a universal necessity (all cultures and societies need it to survive)
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-> many vital jobs, such as nursing, have relatively no pay which will not motivate people to become one
-> some jobs are paid based on power rather than use - for example, influencers
Say as much as you remember about Goldthorpe & Lockwood, Devine and embourgeoisement.
GOLDTHORPE & LOCKWOOD (1969)
-> wanted to find evidence of embourgeoisement (the idea that members of the working class beginning to have middle-class values)
-> conducted in-depth interviews in a Luton car factory and found that, of the 288 people, many were affluent workers, meaning they supported the Labour Party for individual gain rather than the usual working-class consensus and so were becoming a ‘new working class’
DEVINE (1992)
-> wanted to test Goldthorpe’s theory so also used in-depth interviews with 62 manual workers
-> she dismissed the idea of a ‘new working class’ and found that many manual workers actually did still have traditional working class values
-> did not find evidence of privatised instrumentalism (where social relationships are centred around the home, a middle-class tendency)
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-> Devine used a relatively low sample size in comparison to Goldthorpe & Lockwood
-> there is outdated economic context as the economy has changed since her study, in particular the rise of the gig economy
Give three arguments to prove that embourgeoisement does exist.
-> UK home ownership has risen by 15% from 1971 to the early 2000s
-> increased working-class consumerism proves that more have cars, household appliances, etc.
-> less factory workers needed due to advancing technology, meaning that more of the working-class have white collar jobs
Say as much as you remember about Marx’s conflict theory.
MARX (1867)
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¢σиfℓι¢т тнєσяу
-> the oppressed in society have no power and have to fight for resources, leaving them angry and creating conflict
-> the oppressors in society exploit everyone below them but are blind to this and plant the seeds of their own destruction
-> the oppressed will eventually take power and become the oppressors, leading to a cycle of conflict
-> the elite exploit the working-class and gain the profits (for example, Jeff Bezos - CEO of Amazon - has a net worth of over 200 billion, yet the average Amazon worker is paid around 13 dollars per hour)
-> he created the ideas of polarisation (society will become a few wealthy elite and the rest poor workers) and alienation (capitalism has made society greedy for material products that distract them from their exploitation)
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-> ignores the concept of social mobility
-> very outdated as he was writing in the 1800s
Say as much as you remember about Murray’s theory.
MURRAY (1984)
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-> claims there is an ‘underclass’ in which people live off of benefits, are lazy, socialise their children inadequately and are a drain on the system
-> welfare state creates a ‘culture of dependency’ where people depend on the welfare state to the point they do not bother looking for work
-> he used secondary sources for this theory
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-> generalises those who are unemployed as lazy and unintelligent
-> ignores bigger social problems which contribute to poverty such as limited job opportunities
Say as much as you remember about Townsend’s theory on poverty.
TOWNSEND (1979)
-> believed the best way to measure poverty was through material deprivation
-> he created a deprivation index and judged poverty based on factors such as how much meat they ate each week
-> found that 22% of people lived in poverty compared to just 6% of the state standard, making the government’s way of measuring poverty to be inaccurate
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-> the index he used to measure poverty is not valid (vegetarians would have said they do not eat meat even if they weren’t living in poverty)
-> because this wasn’t valid, it can be assumed that the statistics he found are also untruthful
Say as much as you remember about Walby’s theory.
WALBY (1990)
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-> she claimed that male power over women is structural and reinforced by institutions and also identified six patriarchal structures in which men exploit women
ραι∂ ємρℓσумєит (women typically earn less than men)
нσυѕєнσℓ∂ (exploit women for unpaid domestic labour)
¢υℓтυяє (differentiates between masculinity and femininity)
ѕєχυαℓιту (double standard of women being sluts whilst men are admired for having sex)
νισℓєи¢є (male violence or threats of it is a form of power)
ѕтαтє (biased towards patriarchy)
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-> doesn’t account for the women who are in power
-> as a radical feminist, she will have a strong agenda
Say as much as you remember about Weber’s theory, including a case study.
WEBER (1947)
-> identified three types of authority
TRADITIONAL (tradition - such as a monarch)
LEGAL RATIONAL (position - such as a prime minister)
CHARISMATIC (charisma - such as a cult leader)
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🅲🅰🆂🅴 🆂🆃🆄🅳🆈 - 🅹🅸🅼 🅹🅾🅽🅴🆂 (1978)
-> used charismatic authority to convince 900 people (including 300 children) to all commit suicide at once by drinking cyanide
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-> contradicts Marx who said that power and authority were the same: Weber believes power can be achieved with force but authority can only be gained by people somewhat willingly following
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-> doesn’t fully explore how power can be used unfairly to exploit others
-> outdated
Give 3 features of globalisation and poverty, using Rowntree (2011) to reinforce your argument.
-> migrant workers have their passports taken away and often do work with no contract and cash in hand, leaving them open to exploitation
-> one third of the homeless in London are Eastern European
ROWNTREE (2011)
-> the cost and benefits of globalisation are unevenly distributed and the use of migrant labour is therefore increasing
Give three things about age, ethnicity and inequality.
-> sociologist Green argued three types of ageism (subtle (seeing all older people as the same), compassionate (condescending) and direct (explicitly hostile))
-> 2004 Children Act allows parents to use ‘reasonable punishment’, a vague term, to discipline a child
-> case study of 2022 15 year old girl who was stripped-searched by police whilst on her period for ‘smelling of cannabis’ - she was black and was a victim of adultification, where she was viewed as an adult
What did Harvey say about gig economy?
-> created by the elite to destroy working class solidarity
-> gig economy workers are in constant competition so have lost their sense of unity
-> bosses get away with exploiting their workers for profit by hiding behind their brand
How much more likely is it for low income parents to split up?
Twice more likely
When was the Sex Discrimination Act?
1975
What is the gender pay gap on average?
17.9% - women work for free 65 days a year compared to men
When was the Equality Act?
2010
Why are older and younger people less likely to be promoted?
Older people are closer to retirement and younger people are stereotyped by the media as inexperienced and unreliable
When was the Race Relations Act?
1965
What group has the highest rate of unemployment?
Young black people
What was the homophobic military rule?
‘Don’t Ask. Don’t Tell.’ -> soldiers could not be openly gay in the military until 2010
When was homosexuality no longer a crime?
1967
How many countries today are still anti-homosexuality?
79
What is the unemployment rate for disabled people?
50%
What must disabled people be subjected to and how many each year?
2 million people must undergo ‘work capability assessments’ to access government-funded money to support disabilities - accused of lying?
What happened in 2022 in terms of religion?
A mosque was vandalised and its windows were smashed with bricks
