Soap

Question 1

What are soaps made up of by

Answer 1

Reacting Fatty acids from a fat or an oil with sodium or potassium hyroxide form the sodium or potassium salts

Question 2

These salts produces are

Answer 2

Soap

Question 3

Soap is made by heating fats or oils with an

Answer 3

Alkali

Question 4

What is this sort of reaction called

Answer 4

Alkaline hydrolysis or saponification

Question 5

The production of soap is made up of two parts

Answer 5

•Hydrolysis of fat or oil to form fatty acids

• Neutralise of the fatty acid with sodium or potassium hydroxide to form the sodium or potassium salt

Question 6

The alkali used will also catalyse the

Answer 6

Hydrolysis process

Question 7

Both reactions take place in the one reaction vessel where all

Answer 7

The substance are boiled up together

Question 8

A soap has 2 parts

Answer 8

• A long covalent part known as the tail
• an ionic part known as the head

Question 9

Hydrophilic and hyrophobic

Answer 9

Hydrophollic - will dissolve in water and other polar substances (polar£

Hydrophobic - will not dissolve in non polar substance (non polar)

Question 10

Soaps work depending on

Answer 10

•their structure and the bonding of their negative ions

Question 11

Soap ions have the

Answer 11

Head and tail

Question 12

The hydrophilic head is what

Answer 12

Polar part of the substance that contains the charged ion which means it’s ionic and soluble in water

Question 13

The hydrophobic tail is non polar, organic chain which is

Answer 13

Insoluble in water but soluble in other non polar compounds like oil or greese

Question 14

Cleansing of soaps

Question 15

The negatively- charged ball like structure repel each other and the oil or grease is

Answer 15

Kept suspended in water

Question 16

When you rinse the suspended micelles

Answer 16

Are washed away with the water

Question 17

Hard water meaning

Answer 17

Used to describe water containing high levels of dissolved metal ions such as calcium & magnesium

Question 18

When soap is used in hard water it can form an insoluble precipitate called

Answer 18

Scum

Question 19

The scum that forms reduced the

Answer 19

Effectiveness of the soap to clean

Question 20

Detergents are what

Answer 20

Substances with non polar hyrophobic tails and ionic hydrophilic heads very similar to soaps

Question 21

The hydrophobic tail and hydrophilic heads very similar mean that detergents have

Answer 21

Identical cleaning actions to soaps

Question 22

What does this do

Answer 22

Remove oil and grease like soap

But scum isn’t formed with detergents with hard water it can

Question 23

Advantages of detergents

Answer 23

•Their use in areas with hard water containing high

Question 24

Both soaps and detergents added to hard water will produce

Answer 24

Calcium and magnesium salts

Question 25

These ions will react with soap ions to form scum as the calcium and magnesium salts that are

Answer 25

Insoluble in water

Question 26

The calcium and magnesium salts formed with detergent ions are

Answer 26

Soluble in water so no scum is fomredb

Question 27

What are detergents found In

Answer 27

Washing powder Carpet cleaners Shampoo

Question 28

Emulsion is formed when two immiscible liquids are added together and

Answer 28

shaken vigorously

Question 29

An emulsion is therefor a mixture and not a

Answer 29

Solution and consist of one liquid dispersed in the other

Question 30

If some emulsions are left to stand they will

Answer 30

Separate into two separate layers. Eg vegetable oil

Question 31

To prevent this from happening substances called emulsifiers are added

Question 32

Emuliifiers are what

Answer 32

Compounds similar to soaps and detergents ions in that they have hydrophobic tails and hydrophollic heads very similar

Question 33

An emulsifier can be used to prevent

Answer 33

Non polar and polar liquids separating two layers

Question 35

Common use of emulsifiers

Answer 35

• monoglycerides •Diglycerides

Question 36

Emulsifiers for use in food can be made by reacting edible oils with glycerol

Question 37

In molecules formed, only one or two fatty acids groups are linked to

Answer 37

Each glycerol backbone

Question 38

The hydroxy groups present in the emulsifier are hydrophilic

Answer 38

Whilst the fatty acid chains are hydrophobic

Question 39

The polar RH groups of the compound or hydrophilic heads of the emulsifier

Answer 39

And these make it soluble in water

Question 40

The teas are made up of nonpolar fatty acid chains which are hydrophobic and therefore

Answer 40

Soluble and nonpolar substances

Question 41

In this way, that emulsifier acts like a soap or detergent

Answer 41

The hydrophobic fatty acid chain dissolves in oil whilst the hydrophilic hydroxide dissolves in water forming a stable emulsion

Question 42

Examples of emulsions

Answer 42

Ice cream Processed meats Mayonnaise