Soap and Detergent

Question 1

substances that reduce the surface tension in water

Answer 1

surfactants

Question 2

neutralizing excess alkali to achieve the desired pH level for the soap

Answer 2

neutralization

Question 3

centers of soap manufacturing emerged in?

Answer 3

Italy, Spain, and France

Question 4

The Detergent Industry came later amidst World War I when, due to the shortage of raw materials such as animal fats and vegetable oils, the Germans developed “synthetic soaps” or detergents

Answer 4

20th century

Question 5

He patented a process for making soda ash from common salt.

Answer 5

Nicolas Leblanc

Question 6

he discovered the Leblanc process

Answer 6

Nicolas Leblanc

Question 7

fluorescent dyes that convert ultraviolet light to visible light to fabrics look brighter

Answer 7

fabric brighteners

Question 8

generally harder and less water soluble, also commonly used as solid bar soap

Answer 8

caustic soda (sodium hydroxide)

Question 9

in this process, detergent compounds are created when oils or fats react with a strong base, like lye

Answer 9

saponification

Question 10

the soap was produced by heating a mixture of ______ and _____________

Answer 10

oil
wood ash

Question 11

both positive and negative charge, final charge depends on pH, milder, and less irritating

Answer 11

amphoteric

Question 12

This came later amidst World War I

Answer 12

Detergent Industry

Question 13

these are additives to enhance the soap’s properties

Answer 13

sodium carbonate
sodium silicate
dyes
perfumes

Question 14

anionic examples

Answer 14

soaps
sodium lauryl sulfate

Question 15

mixed with oils to make lubricating grease

Answer 15

lithium hydroxide (lithium soap)

Question 16

example of anionic detergents

Answer 16

tide
dawn

Question 17

alters the composition of soil and makes them easily removable

Answer 17

enzyme-containing detergents

Question 18

earliest recorded evidence of the production of soap-like materials in ancient Babylon

Answer 18

2800 BC

Question 19

protect dishes and utensils

Answer 19

corrosion inhibitors

Question 20

examples of additives

Answer 20

fragrances
colorants
preservatives
exfoliants
emollients
moisturizers

Question 21

types of surfactants

Answer 21

non-ionic
anionic
cationic
amphoteric

Question 22

no charges, super harsh, commonly found as emulsifies

Answer 22

non-ionic

Question 23

done to enhance durability and hardness

Answer 23

curing

Question 24

these boost detergent power by acting as water softener

Answer 24

builders

Question 25

This then became widely used due to wider applications compared to soaps

Answer 25

detergents

Question 26

improve whiteness of fabrics

Answer 26

bluings

Question 27

strong positive charge, extremely harsh, emulsifiers are much more common in beauty products

Answer 27

cationic

Question 28

this is when reduction of soap production cost due to the discovery of Leblanc process

Answer 28

18th Century

Question 29

they have diff. uses based on the desired performance

Answer 29

additives

Question 30

examples of non-ionic

Answer 30

polysorbates
sorbitans
PEGs
laureth

Question 31

This is when soap became available to most people

Answer 31

18th century

Question 32

examples of nonionic detergents

Answer 32

spray

Question 33

Germans developed __________ or _________

Answer 33

synthetic soaps
detergents

Question 34

future trends in the soap and detergents industry

Answer 34

E-commerce growth
technological advancements
worldwide expansion

Question 35

shredding into a fine powder using sharp blades

Answer 35

agglomeration

Question 36

protect metals from corrosion

Answer 36

tarnish inhibitors

Question 37

core process where oils and fats react with a strong base

Answer 37

alkanline saponification

Question 38

examples of cationic detergents

Answer 38

tresemme
downy

Question 39

homemade soaps

Answer 39

turmeric soap
aloe soap
shea soap
honey soap

Question 40

cationic examples

Answer 40

benzalkonium chloride
cetrimonium bromide

Question 41

these are vegetable oils and animals fats

Answer 41

triglycerides

Question 43

unit operations involved in detergent production

Answer 43

saponification
agglomeration
mixing/blending
slurry method
granulation
spray drying

Question 44

strong negative charge, extremely effective, high incidence irritation, makes a lot of foam

Answer 44

anionic

Question 45

this step is crucial for soap formation and occurs in large kettles or reactors

Answer 45

alkaline saponification

Question 46

what are the additives in detergents

Answer 46

corrosion inhibitors
tarnish inhibitors
fabric brighteners
bluings
antimicrobial agents
enzyme-containing detergents

Question 47

done to eliminate excess moisture

Answer 47

drying

Question 48

types of alkali used in soap making

Answer 48

caustic soda (sodium hydroxide)
caustic potash (potassium hydroxide)
lithium hydroxide (lithium soap)

Question 49

done to shape soap into bars or other forms

Answer 49

extrusion

Question 50

examples of amphoteric detergents

Answer 50

johnson’s
dove

Question 51

basic soap ingredients

Answer 51

wood ash + fats/oils
strong base + fats/oils

Question 52

amphoteric examples

Answer 52

cocoamidropyl betaine
sodium cocoamphoacetate

Question 53

done to refine texture and appearance

Answer 53

milling

Question 54

unit operations involved in the production of soap

Answer 54

alkaline saponification
neutralization
mixing/blending
heating/cooling
separation
milling/extrusion
drying/curing
soap purification
finishing

Question 55

challenges in the soap and detergent industry

Answer 55

production waste
air pollution aspects
supply chain brea
evolving consumer preferences

Question 56

used for liquid soap as it produces softer soap

Answer 56

caustic potash (potassium hydroxide)