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Soc 100 > Soc 100: Chapter 4 > Flashcards

Soc 100: Chapter 4 Flashcards

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1
Q

Socialization

A

a learning process that involves development or changes in the individual’s sense of self.

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2
Q

Primary socialization

A

the earliest socialization that a child receives; occurs during infancy and childhood.

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3
Q

Secondary socialization

A

socialization that occurs later in life

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4
Q

agents of socialization

A

people and institutions who contribute/influence our socialization.

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5
Q

Habitus

A

our often unconscious bodily knowledges and dispositions/habits

Pierre Bourdieu

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6
Q

Talcott Parsons

A

socialization as the end results of internalization of norms and values.

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7
Q

Internalization

A

taking social norms, roles, and values into one’s own minds.

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8
Q

Determinism

A

the degree to which a person’s behaviour, attitudes, and other personal characteristics are determined or caused by a specific factor.

structure (hard) vs. agency (soft)

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9
Q

biological determinism

A

states that the greater part of who we are is determined by our genes (heredity) that create particular physiological characteristics. “nature”

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10
Q

behaviourism

A

Human beings are shaped entirely by their external environment. “nuture”

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11
Q

Law of effect

A

Edward Thorndike: the principle that the likelihood of a person repeating an action increases if the action is rewarded (reinforced), while the likelihood decreases if the action is punished or ignored.

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12
Q

Behaviour modification

A

attempting to change someone’s behaviour using positive or negative reinforcement.

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13
Q

Sigmund freud

A

founder of psychoanalysis
- 3 parts of human mind: id, superego, ego

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14
Q

social/cultural determinism

A

= behaviourism

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15
Q

Dennis H. Wrong

A

warned against taking an oversocialized (a misleading conception of humans as passive recipients of socialization) view of people

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16
Q

refrigerator mothers

A

‘cold’ women who withhold affection from their sons. Once believed to cause autism in their sons.

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17
Q

Voluntarism/volunteerism (brym)

A

the belief that we alone control our destiny.

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18
Q

George Herbert Mead

A

Significant and Generalized others.

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19
Q

Significant others

A

key individuals whom young children imitate and model themselves after.

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20
Q

Generalized others

A

attitudes, viewpoints, and general expectations of the society that a child is socialized into.

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21
Q

Meads developmental sequence for socialization

A

preparatory stage (pure imitation), play stage (role-taking), game stage.

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22
Q

Looking glass self

A

an individual’s self image is based/influenced by how people think they are viewed by others (Charles horton cooley)

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23
Q

Carol Gilligan

A

Harvard educational psychologist and feminist who notes how the self-esteem of girls declines during their teenage years.

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24
Q

agents of socialization examples:

A

family, peer groups, community/neighbourhood, media, school

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25
family
an individual’s first agent of socialization, and often the most powerful one.
26
peer pressure
refers to the social force exerted on individuals by their peers to conform in behaviour, appearance, or externally demonstrated values.
27
risk behaviours
social pressure put on an individual to conform to the ways of a particular group that the individual belongs to or wishes to belong to.
28
narrow socialization
obedience and conformity to the standards and expectations of the community are emphasized, and punishment for deviation is practiced.
29
broad socialization
individualism and independence are promoted; relatively less restrictiveness on the various dimensions of socialization.
30
aristotle
believed that violence depicted in art produced an experience of catharsis
31
albert bandura
Bobo doll experiments (adult beats it up, child watches) - wanted to see if behaviour could be learned without rewards or penalties. ‘Social cognitive learning theory’
32
longitudinal studies
examined data gathered on research subjects over an extended period of time.
33
observational learning theory
theory that children acquire “aggressive scripts” for solving social problems through watching violence on television
34
desensitization theory
increased exposure to television violence desensitizes or numbs the natural negative reaction to violence.
35
Jib Fowles
television violence has been misinterpreted; has no effect.H
36
Hurried child syndrome
a situation in which a child, pushed to high levels of accomplishment in school and in afterschool activities experiences adult-like levels of stress, guilt, and inadequacy.
37
resocialization
the process of unlearning old ways and learning new ways upon moving into a significantly different social environment.
38
voluntary resocialization
when someone starts/moves school(s)/job(s), retires, undergoes a religious conversion.
39
rite of passage
a ceremony or ritual that marks the passage from one stage of life to another
40
involuntary resocialization
can take place with brutal violence. When someone is forced to change
41
total institutions
institutions that regulate all aspects of an individual’s life. People are isolated from the rest of society and manipulated by administrative staff. (Goffman)
42
degredation ceremony
rite of passage designed to strip a person of his or her individuality
43
hazing
rite of passage designed to strip a person of his or her individuality
44
status
a recognized social position a person occupies; imposes responsibilities and expectations that help define that person’s relationships to others.
45
status set
the complete collection of statuses you hold.
46
achieved status
if you have entered into it at some stage in your life but were not born into it.
47
ascribed status
one that you were born into; one you have entered involuntarily
48
social mobility
the ability to move form one social class into another class.
49
passing
the practice of downplaying or disowning an ascribed status (typically race or sexuality) by claiming a dominant status.
50
master status
the status that dominates all of an individual’s other statuses in most social contexts, and plays the greatest role in the formation of the individual’s social identity.
51
status hierarchy
the ranking of statuses within the categories of ethnicity, class, age, etc.
52
labelling theory
When negative labels are attached to a status, a powerful master status can be created and internalized by both the individual and by others.
53
status consistency
the condition a person experiences when all of their statuses fall in the same range in the social hierarchy.
54
status inconsistency
cases in which a person holds social statuses that are ranked differently and do not align.
55
marginalization
the experience of being treated as insignificant or of being moved beyond the margin of mainstream society.
56
role
a set of behaviours and attitudes associated with a particular status.
57
role ste
all of the roles attached to a particular status.
58
role strain
develops when conflict exists between roles within the role set of a particular status.
59
role conflict
occurs when a person is forced to reconcile incompatible expectations generated from two or more statuses they hold.
60
role exit
the process of disengaging from a role that has been central to one’s identity, and attempting to establish a new role.

Soc 100 (5 decks)

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