soc

Question 1

Who is Karl Marx?

Answer 1

Karl Marx (1818-1883)

Key theorist known for his ideas on historical materialism and class struggle.

Question 2

What is Historical Materialism?

Answer 2

History is shaped by economics

A concept developed by Karl Marx.

Question 3

Define Bourgeoisie.

Answer 3

The owners of the means of production.

Question 4

Define Proletariat.

Answer 4

The working class, paid only subsistence wages.

Question 5

What is False Consciousness?

Answer 5

Workers are unaware of their exploitation.

Question 6

What does Class Consciousness refer to?

Answer 6

Awareness of one’s social class and its interests.

Question 7

What does the Epidemic of Overproduction imply?

Answer 7

Capitalists produce more than they can sell, leading to expansion into new markets.

Question 8

What does ‘Bourgeoisie forging weapons of their own destruction’ mean?

Answer 8

Capitalists create the conditions for their downfall.

Question 9

Who is Max Weber?

Answer 9

Max Weber (1864-1920)

Key theorist known for concepts such as Verstehen and the Iron Law of Oligarchy.

Question 10

Define Verstehen.

Answer 10

Empathy or understanding in sociology.

Question 11

What is the significance of Puritans & Predestination in Weber’s work?

Answer 11

Religious belief that influences work ethic.

Question 12

What does Duty in a Calling refer to?

Answer 12

Work as a moral duty.

Question 13

Define Asceticism.

Answer 13

Self-discipline, no indulgence.

Question 14

What is Capital Investment?

Answer 14

Savings turned into business growth.

Question 15

What is the Iron Law of Oligarchy?

Answer 15

Large organizations concentrate power in the hands of a few.

Question 16

Who is Émile Durkheim?

Answer 16

Émile Durkheim (1858-1917)

Key theorist known for concepts such as Organic Solidarity and Anomie.

Question 17

Define Organic Solidarity.

Answer 17

Social cohesion through interdependence.

Question 18

What does Anomie mean?

Answer 18

A state of normlessness and social disconnection.

Question 19

What are Social Facts?

Answer 19

The ways of acting, thinking, and feeling that exist outside the individual.

Question 20

Who is Harriet Martineau?

Answer 20

Harriet Martineau (1802-1876)

Studied all aspects of society, including religion, family, and the role of women.

Question 21

Who is W.E.B. Du Bois?

Answer 21

W.E.B. Du Bois (1868-1963)

Key theorist known for concepts like Double Consciousness.

Question 22

What is Double Consciousness?

Answer 22

Seeing oneself through the eyes of the oppressor and one’s own identity.

Question 23

What is ‘The Philadelphia Negro’?

Answer 23

A study on African American life conducted by W.E.B. Du Bois.

Question 24

Who is C. Wright Mills?

Answer 24

C. Wright Mills (1916-1962)

Known for the concept of The Sociological Imagination.

Question 25

What is The Sociological Imagination?

Answer 25

The intersection of history and biography, understanding individual experiences in the context of larger social forces.

Question 26

What is Erving Goffman's Dramaturgical Approach?

Answer 26

Life is like a stage where people perform roles.

Question 27

What is Front Stage behavior?

Answer 27

Behavior in public/formal settings.

Question 28

What is Backstage behavior?

Answer 28

More informal, relaxed behavior.

Question 29

Define Impression Management.

Answer 29

Controlling how others perceive us.

Question 30

What is Ethnomethodology?

Answer 30

Studying social norms by intentionally breaking them.

Question 31

What is Civil Inattention?

Answer 31

Recognizing others’ presence while respecting their privacy.

Question 32

Define Unfocused Interaction.

Answer 32

Awareness of others without direct communication.

Question 33

What is Focused Interaction?

Answer 33

Direct engagement with others.

Question 34

What are Social Groups?

Answer 34

People who regularly interact and share an identity.

Question 35

Define Social Aggregates.

Answer 35

People in the same place but without interaction.

Question 36

What are Social Categories?

Answer 36

People sharing characteristics but not interacting.

Question 37

What are Reference Groups?

Answer 37

Groups we compare ourselves to for self-evaluation.

Question 38

What is a Dyad?

Answer 38

Two-person groups, intimate but unstable.

Question 39

Define Triad.

Answer 39

Three-person groups, more stable than dyads.

Question 40

What happens as group size increases?

Answer 40

Intimacy decreases while stability increases.

Question 41

What are Primary Groups?

Answer 41

Close emotional ties (e.g., family, friends).

Question 42

Define Secondary Groups.

Answer 42

Larger, impersonal groups (e.g., coworkers).

Question 43

What are Strong Ties?

Answer 43

Close personal connections.

Question 44

What are Weak Ties?

Answer 44

Acquaintances that provide access to new opportunities.

Question 45

What is 'The Strength of Weak Ties'?

Answer 45

Weak ties can offer valuable connections and resources.

Question 46

What are Life Chances?

Answer 46

Social Capital – The benefits and opportunities available through social networks.

Question 47

What is Transformational Leadership?

Answer 47

Inspires and motivates followers.

Question 48

Define Transactional Leadership.

Answer 48

Focuses on rewards and punishments.

Question 49

What did Solomon Asch's Experiment demonstrate?

Answer 49

People conform to group pressure even when the group is wrong.

Question 50

What is Groupthink?

Answer 50

Members avoid expressing dissenting opinions to maintain group harmony.

Question 51

What did Milgram’s Obedience Study reveal?

Answer 51

Ordinary people follow authority figures, even when doing harm.

Question 52

Define Formal Organizations.

Answer 52

Structured groups with written rules and procedures.

Question 53

What is Oligarchy?

Answer 53

Rule by a small elite group.

Question 54

What is Socialization?

Answer 54

The lifelong process of learning societal norms and values.

Question 55

What is Primary Socialization?

Answer 55

Early childhood learning, usually from family.

Question 56

Define Secondary Socialization.

Answer 56

Learning from schools, peers, and media.

Question 57

What are the Agents of Socialization?

Answer 57

* Family * School * Peers * Media * Work

Question 58

Who is Charles Horton Cooley?

Answer 58

Charles Horton Cooley (1864-1929) ## Footnote Known for the concept of the Looking Glass Self.

Question 59

What is the Looking Glass Self?

Answer 59

We develop our self-image based on how others perceive us.

Question 60

What is Social Identity?

Answer 60

How others categorize us.

Question 61

Define Self-Identity.

Answer 61

How we define ourselves.

Question 62

What is Gender Socialization?

Answer 62

Learning expected behaviors for males and females.

Question 63

Define Race Socialization.

Answer 63

Older generations teaching younger ones about race and its significance.

Question 64

What is the relationship between Culture & Society according to Karl Marx?

Answer 64

Culture serves as propaganda for capitalism.

Question 65

What is the Base & Superstructure concept?

Answer 65

Economic base shapes culture and social institutions.

Question 66

How does culture reproduce social hierarchies?

Answer 66

Culture maintains and reproduces inequality.

Question 67

What does Émile Durkheim say about culture?

Answer 67

Culture fosters social cohesion.

Question 68

Define Multicultural Society.

Answer 68

Many subcultures exist within a dominant culture.

Question 69

What is a Counterculture?

Answer 69

A group that opposes mainstream culture.

Question 70

What is Assimilation?

Answer 70

Forcing cultural adoption.

Question 71

Define Acculturation.

Answer 71

Cultural blending and borrowing.

Question 72

What is Accommodation?

Answer 72

Coexisting cultures with little interaction.

Question 73

Define Ethnocentrism.

Answer 73

Judging other cultures by one’s own standards.

Question 74

What is Cultural Relativism?

Answer 74

Understanding cultures by their own standards.

Question 75

What are the steps in the Research Process?

Answer 75

* Define the problem * Review existing literature * Refine the problem & create a hypothesis * Choose a research method * Conduct the research * Interpret results * Write up findings

Question 76

What is Quantitative Research?

Answer 76

Numerical data and statistics.

Question 77

Define Qualitative Research.

Answer 77

Observations and interviews (e.g., ethnography).

Question 78

What is a key principle of Research Ethics?

Answer 78

Do No Harm – Ethical research must protect participants from harm.