soc 224 midterm 2 Flashcards
(236 cards)
1
Q
who is Alfred Kinsey
A
He claimed “[T]he only unnatural sexual act is that which you cannot perform”. His view on sexuality draws on biology as the foundation upon which normal and deviant sexuality is defined and maintains that normal sexuality is simply that which is physically possible
2
Q
who is W. Somerset Maugham
A
he suggested W. Somerset Maugham (1874–1965) suggested that “there is hardly anyone whose sexual life, if it were broadcast, would not fill the world at large with surprise and horror”. he suggested that we all judge people’s sexuality and that most people’s sexual lives, if known, would be
judged negatively.
3
Q
What shapes our perception of sexuality besides biology?
A
Social and cultural norms also play a role in how sexuality is perceived.
4
Q
True or False: Biology alone determines what is considered normal in sexuality.
A
False. Social and cultural norms also influence what is defined as normal or deviant
4
Q
What creates the distinction between biologically possible behaviors and socially acceptable ones
A
Social attitudes and cultural standards define what is considered acceptable or deviant.
5
Q
How does society influence perceptions of sexuality
A
Society determines what aspects of sexuality are viewed as normal or deviant, beyond just biological possibilities
6
Q
what shapes our understanding of acceptable and unacceptable sexuality
A
Scientific, political, legal, religious, and media discourses of sexuality shape our understandings of
acceptable and unacceptable sexuality.
7
Q
Define “socially acceptable” in the context of sexuality.
A
Define “socially acceptable” in the context of sexuality
8
Q
what is elite discourses
A
That is, the ways of talking
and thinking about sexuality that emerges from locations of power in society—place
limits on “what kinds of persons it is acceptable or even possible to be”
9
Q
What are elite discourses in the context of sexuality
A
Elite discourses are ways of talking and thinking about sexuality that come from powerful social positions, shaping norms and limits.
10
Q
How do elite discourses affect personal identity
A
They set limits on “what kinds of persons it is acceptable or even possible to be,” sometimes restricting individuals from imagining possibilities outside these norms (Moon, 2008)
11
Q
True or False: Individuals can easily imagine identities outside the limits set by elite discourses
A
False. Elite discourses can make it hard for people to envision identities outside socially accepted limits
12
Q
What larger set of interrelated discourses is sexuality a part of
A
Sexuality is part of a broader set of discourses governing sex, gender, and sexuality.
13
Q
How do elite discourses impact societal norms on sexuality
A
They influence what is seen as acceptable or possible, limiting individual perceptions and defining norms.
14
Q
what is sex
A
Sex is
understood to be male or female, based on biological characteristics (e.g., sex chromosome combination XX or XY, or the primary sex characteristics of a vagina or penis)
15
Q
what is gender
A
Gender is based on social characteristics and is understood to be an extension of sex.
16
Q
How do Indigenous sexual cultures differ from Settler and colonial societies’ sexual cultures?
A
Indigenous sexual cultures often have different views and practices, while Settler and colonial societies regulated Indigenous sexualities as part of colonization efforts.
17
Q
What role did regulating Indigenous Peoples’ sexualities play in colonization?
A
It served as part of the larger colonization project, imposing Settler norms and suppressing Indigenous cultural practices.
18
Q
How was deviant sexuality defined from the seventeenth to twentieth centuries
A
Deviant sexuality was defined and regulated to reinforce class, gender, and racial hierarchies, adapting to societal changes over time
19
Q
What does the Netflix series Christiane Amanpour: Sex and Love Around the World illustrate about sexuality?
A
It shows that perceptions, meanings, and control of sexuality vary widely across cultures worldwide.
20
Q
How was sexuality viewed in ancient Athens?
A
Sexual norms were based on power, focusing on aristocratic males’ needs, while relationships between equals (aristocratic men) were discouraged.
21
Q
What is a binary understanding of sex, gender, and sexuality?
A
In traditional European and Settler cultures, sex is understood as male or female, gender aligns with sex traits, and heterosexuality is the norm.
22
Q
What alternative does scientific research offer to binary views of sex, gender, and sexuality
A
Research suggests that sex, gender, and sexuality exist on spectrums rather than as rigid binaries.
22
Q
How does society expect sex, gender, and sexuality to correspond?
A
Females are expected to have feminine traits and be attracted to men, while males should have masculine traits and be attracted to women.
23
How do elite discourses of sexuality influence societal norms?
They establish boundaries around what is perceived as acceptable or possible, affecting individuals’ perceptions and societal judgments.
24
What influence do historical elite discourses have on modern Canadian society's views on sexuality?
They shape both reactions to other cultures' sexual practices and contemporary sexual choices, having evolved over time through colonization and social changes.
25
How did Indigenous and colonial cultures differ in their views on sex, gender, and sexuality?
Indigenous cultures often recognized a range of genders and sexualities as normal, while colonial cultures enforced strict binary norms.
26
What terms did different Indigenous groups use to describe non-binary genders?
Inuit used "sipiniq" for males with a female essence, Anishinaabe used "okitcitakwe" for females with a male essence, and Diné identified a third gender, "nádleehí."
27
What specialized roles did non-binary individuals often hold in Indigenous cultures?
They were often associated with spiritual power and given specialized roles within the social structure.
28
How did Settler cultures view sexuality compared to Indigenous cultures?
Settler cultures were heteronormative and patriarchal, seeing sexuality as sinful and controlling it strictly, especially women’s sexuality.
28
What does the term "Two-Spirited" refer to?
It’s an anglicized term chosen in 1990 to describe Indigenous individuals whose sex, gender, or sexuality lies outside colonial dualisms, though it remains somewhat contested.
29
Why were relationships between Indigenous women and white settlers initially common?
They were common due to the scarcity of white women and the value placed on Indigenous women’s skills in language, trapping, and diplomacy.
30
What shift occurred in views on Indigenous-white relationships as agriculture replaced the fur trade?
Relationships became discouraged, and restrictions were placed on Indigenous-white unions as the population of Métis and mixed-race individuals grew.
31
What stereotype was imposed on Indigenous sexuality by colonial society?
Indigenous sexuality was often hypersexualized, described as "out of control" and subjected to social and religious regulations.
32
What role did controlling Indigenous sexualities play in colonization?
It was central to dismantling Indigenous kinship systems, breaking up landholdings, and enforcing settler liberalism and legal frameworks.
32
What is a key aspect of decolonization according to Indigenous scholars?
Reclaiming Indigenous identities and cultural expressions of sex, gender, and sexuality is essential for decolonization.
33
What is meant by "trans-historical changes" in sexual cultures?
These are changes over time in a single society, showing the powerful role of social processes in shaping sexual cultures and identities.
34
how was sexuality woven into the first nation community
sexuality was inextricably interwoven with all other aspects of social life—
the physical, intellectual, emotional, and spiritual. Sexuality
itself was unlikely to be stigmatized. Sexual terms were integrated into some place names, and sexuality was incorporated into myths and stories. For instance, one Anishinaabe story describes how the Creator made sexual activity pleasurable so that men and women would come to live together and thereby increase the population
35
what was sexuality to white settler and the colonial government
different meaning. Based on interpretations of Christian religious doctrine, Settler cultures were not only heteronormative but also patriarchal and highly conservative.
Sex
was for the purpose of reproduction, and even then, notions of pleasure were frowned
upon, especially for women; sexuality was sinful, requiring careful and stringent control.
Sexuality was not integrated into social life but rather hidden and infused with
guilt
36
what is les femmes du pays
words for indigenous women with whom early European settlers formed relationships
37
What has shaped the evolution of sexuality in North America over the past few centuries?
Economic, religious, familial, scientific, and other cultural changes, alongside impacts from colonialism, have all influenced changes in sexuality.
37
how did white settlers try to impose their belief on sexuality to indigenous people
Binaries of sex, gender,
and sexuality were imposed on Indigenous cultures as part of coercive assimilation
37
How did meanings of sexuality evolve from the 17th to the 21st century?
It evolved from a focus on reproduction within kinship, to emotional intimacy in marriage, and now to personal fulfillment
38
How did colonial practices impact Indigenous and enslaved peoples' sexuality in Canada and the U.S.?
How did colonial practices impact Indigenous and enslaved peoples' sexuality in Canada and the U.S.?
38
What was the role of marriage in regulating sexuality in early U.S. society?
Sexuality was confined to marriage for reproduction, enforced by the church, courts, family, and community.
39
How were sexual deviance and punishment viewed in early U.S. communities?
Deviant acts were punished to correct behavior, with punishment severity varying by socioeconomic status and gender.
40
How did racial hierarchies influence the regulation of sexuality in early colonial society?
Black and Indigenous individuals faced harsher regulation and punishment, with racial stereotypes influencing judgments of deviant sexuality.
41
What major shifts in society during the 18th and 19th centuries affected sexuality's meaning?
Urbanization, wage labor, Enlightenment ideas, and religious changes redefined sexuality toward emotional intimacy in marriage.
42
How did middle- and upper-class women in the 19th century influence sexual regulation?
They acted to reduce pregnancies through abstinence and contraception, aided by the medical profession.
42
What role did self-control play in regulating sexuality in the 19th century?
Self-control was emphasized to avoid energy depletion, vital for success in the industrial economy and “self-made” ideals.
42
How did the culture industry impact sexual regulation in the 19th century?
Media warned young women about sexual dangers in urban areas, with social purity movements linking morality to sexuality.
43
What role did racial and gender stereotypes play in social purity activism?
Black and Chinese men were portrayed as threats to white women, justifying restrictive immigration and drug policies.
44
How did the 20th-century shift redefine sexuality in Canadian and American society?
The focus moved from emotional intimacy in marriage to personal fulfillment, allowing sexual activity in diverse relationships.
44
How did criminal codes and culture industry influence sexuality in the 20th century?
Criminal codes addressed sexual deviance, while media and moral entrepreneurs shaped cultural perceptions of sexuality
45
how has sexuality changed over the century
17th century: reproduction within marriage
18th century: intimacy within marriage
20th century: personal fulfillment
21 century and beyond: how do you thin the dominant meaning of sexuality will evolve and change
45
What ongoing factors influence the meaning of sexuality in contemporary society?
The culture industry, media campaigns, and social advocacy groups all contribute to evolving understandings of sexuality.
45
how is punishment given from person to person
The specific nature of the punishment dispensed depended on the social characteristics of the person involved. The higher the socioeconomic status of the sexual
transgressors, the less severe their punishments.
46
what is the difference between punishment given to upper class men and lower class men
In the case of rape, upper-class men
were less likely to go to trial and usually received milder penalties if they did, while
more severe penalties were dispensed to lower-class men
47
what is the difference in punishment given to men and women
Women and men also regularly received different types of punishment. Men, who often owned property, were
more likely to be fined, while women, who did not own property, were more likely
to be physically punished.
Women were also more likely than men to be punished for
sexual deviance such as adultery, in part because it threatened the husband’s patriarchal power and could potentially undermine paternal certainty.
48
how was Indigenous sexuality were socially typed
it was social typed as hypersexualized, Indigenous women were also viewed as being sexually available to white men
49
what changed how sexuality was perceived near the end of the eighteenth century and throughout the nineteenth century
- urbanization
- wage labour outside of the kinship system took hold and progressed at a rapid
pace, creating more anonymous lives distanced from extended family members and community surveillance
- Religious shifts transferred the responsibility for salvation
onto the individual, reducing the role of the church and subsequently the state as regulators of morality.
- Economically based and arranged marriages declined
- people were
more likely to be marrying for “love,”
- more open expressions of affection emerged.
50
how does women play a larger roles in regulating sexuality
through their efforts at reducing pregnancy rates
51
what does high mortality rates
it means women would have many babies to ensure that enough them survived into childhood to contributes to the maintenance of the family
52
what is social purity AKA sex hygiene movement
emerged, a movement that equated
social purity with sexual purity;sexuality was the heart of morality, which was defined
as the cornerstone of society
53
what are the criteria used to determine deviant sexuality
1. consent
2. nature of the partner
3 nature of the act
54
What does our contemporary sexual culture use to evaluate sexuality as either “deviant” or “normal”?
Criteria such as the degree of consent, nature of the sexual partner, nature of the sexual act, setting, frequency, time, age, and number of partners are used
54
How is consent defined in the context of determining sexual deviance
Consent is commonly viewed as some type of agreement to participate in a sexual act, and its presence or absence can determine if an act is seen as deviant.
55
What core criteria are often used to judge “deviant” sexuality
Consent, the nature of the partner, and the nature of the act.
56
Why is consent central in cases of sexual assault, such as “date rape”?
The criminal justice system uses the presence or absence of consent to classify sexual assault, often focusing on whether the victim consented to the act.
57
What role do “date rape drugs” like Rohypnol and GHB play in determining sexual assault?
These drugs impair memory and awareness, making consent impossible, and their use in sexual acts is legally classified as sexual assault.
58
How does the law view consent in cases involving sexual acts between children and adults
Children are not considered capable of giving consent due to cognitive development and power differentials, making sexual acts between children and adults a crime on the adult’s part.
59
How were Black and Indigenous women treated regarding sexual consent in historical contexts?
From the 17th to the 19th centuries, Black and Indigenous women were often expected to be sexually available to white men, with consent often not considered, especially if the woman was enslaved.
59
How has Canadian law historically viewed consent within marriage?
Before Bill C-127 in 1983, sexual assault was not recognized within marriages, and the law did not recognize the need for consent from married women.
60
How is the concept of consent viewed differently by young people?
Research shows young people see consent on a continuum, including active consent, passive consent, nonconsensual sex, and rape, rather than the binary present in criminal law
61
What does the “grey area” in young people’s views on consent reflect?
It reflects distinctions between active consent, passive consent, nonconsensual sex, and rape, with the latter two often being less clearly defined in specific situations.
61
what does a sexual deviant
if there is no consent involved, the the act is a criminal one making it necessarily deviant
62
what are date rape drug
These drugs, such as Rohypnol (also known as “roofies” or
“roopies”) and GHB (also known as “G” or “Liquid X”), are odourless and tasteless,
and when mixed with alcohol cause intense drowsiness and memory impairment.
If one of these drugs is slipped into someone’s drink, that person will not know it is
there and may not be able to remember anything that happens in the ensuing hours.
63
How has the nature of acceptable sexual partners changed from ancient Athens to contemporary North America
In ancient Athens, acceptable partners for aristocratic men included wives, prostitutes, slaves, foreigners, and adolescent males, excluding men of equal status. In North America, there is more freedom in partner choice, though restrictions remain.
64
What types of relationships are considered unacceptable under Canadian law?
Sexual relationships with individuals under the age of consent, close family members (incest), animals (bestiality), and individuals in relationships of trust, authority, dependency, or exploitation.
65
What are examples of formal regulations on sexual partnerships outside the legal system?
Many workplaces restrict intimate relationships between bosses and employees, and universities may prohibit relationships between professors and students. Therapist-client relationships are also deemed unethical.
66
How does the psychiatric community view relationships involving non-human sexual partners?
Sexual activities involving objects necessary for stimulation are labeled as fetishes, which may require treatment.
66
How is the concept of incest treated differently by law versus social norms?
While incest laws prohibit sexual relationships between close family members, certain informal norms discourage relationships like those between first cousins, though these are legally permitted in Canada.
67
How was homosexuality historically criminalized in Canada, and what led to changes
Everett Klippert's case in 1967 marked the last imprisonment for homosexuality. The 1969 Stonewall riots and Canadian legal reforms started the modern gay rights movement, with homosexuality decriminalized in Canada shortly after.
67
What recent advancements have been made for LGBTQ2IA+ rights in Canada?
The Canadian Human Rights Act added sexual orientation in 1996; same-sex common-law benefits were recognized in 2000; same-sex marriage was legalized in 2005. A formal apology and compensation were issued for past injustices in 2018.
68
: Despite advancements, how do LGBTQ2IA+ individuals continue to face stigmatization in Canada?
They may still face informal stigmatization in social interactions and experience challenges in legal rights, though not as extreme as in other countries where homosexuality remains illegal or punishable by death.
69
How is the choice of sexual partners regulated today in Western cultures?
Although Western cultures allow greater freedom, choices are still restricted by law, professional ethics, and social norms, and certain partners are still evaluated as deviant or normal based on these standards.
70
What other criteria, aside from the sexual partner, are used to evaluate sexuality as deviant or normal?
The nature of the sexual act, along with the partner, plays a role in societal evaluations of sexuality as either deviant or normal
71
what is the crime of incest
The Criminal
Code also prohibits sexual relationships between close family members—parents, children, grandparents, grandchildren, siblings, and half-siblings. Violating this prohibition between close family members
71
what is the crime of bestiality
making animals unacceptable sexual partners.
72
How can sexual acts be perceived as either acceptable or unacceptable?
The acceptability of sexual acts is culturally and historically specific, sometimes influenced by the nature of the sexual partner as well.
72
who is Everett Kippert
he was sentences to an indefinte prison term as a dangerous sex offender for ahvig admitted that he was gay. thereby becoming the last person convicted of such a crime in Canada
73
after from the law how are sexual partner regulated
through social stigmatization
73
What was considered the only acceptable sexual act following European colonization of the Americas
Only sexual intercourse between husbands and wives in the "missionary" position was deemed acceptable.
74
What reflects the growing sexual freedom over the past century?
Books on sexual techniques, availability of sex toys in stores, and less stigmatization of diverse sexual acts all reflect increasing sexual freedom.
74
How has the perception of masturbation changed from the early twentieth century to today?
Masturbation was once seen as harmful and stigmatized, but in the twenty-first century, this stigma has largely disappeared.
75
What is the contemporary view on the privacy of sexual activities between consenting adults?
Sexual activities by consenting adults are generally viewed as private matters, following the ideology that such acts are "nobody else's business."
75
How has subjectivity in defining "kinky" sexual acts evolved
Today, perceptions of what is considered "kinky" are more subjective and vary among individuals, influenced by an ideology of privacy.
76
What three core criteria are used to evaluate sexuality as deviant or normal?
The nature of the sexual partner, the nature of the sexual act, and the presence of consent are the core criteria for evaluating sexuality.
76
Who expressed the idea that the government should not interfere in adults' private sexual activities?
Pierre Trudeau suggested that the government has no place in the bedrooms of adult Canadians.
77
How has society's perception of sexual deviance changed over time?
There is now a narrower range of behaviors viewed as sexually deviant, though some limitations still exist formally and informally.
78
What does the term "deviance dance" refer to in the context of sexual deviance?
Deviance dance" refers to the varied processes of defining, identifying, and controlling sexual deviance, which are not uniform across society.
79
during European colonization for the Americas what is acceptable sexual act
sexual
intercourse between husbands and wives was the only acceptable sexual act and only
if in the “missionary” position.
80
Were sexual relationships between aristocratic adults and adolescent males fully accepted in ancient Athens?
No, while common, these relationships were not uniformly accepted; parts of Athenian society were critical and sought control measures.
80
What are two main components that influence sexual culture in any given society and time
Broad cultural trends and a diversity of perceptions, reactions, and social controls shape sexual culture.
81
How did class, race, and gender affect the construction and control of sexuality in historical Canada and the U.S.?
These factors played central roles in shaping how sexuality was defined and regulated within society.
82
What was paradoxical about the Victorian era’s approach to sexuality
Despite heavy restrictions on sexual behavior, the sex industry expanded with photos, books, and live performances.
83
How do modern LGBTQ2IA+ movements interact with certain societal attitudes?
Although there is increasing support and legal progress, segments of society continue to stigmatize and oppose homosexual practices.
84
What contemporary North American sexual culture phenomena exist side-by-side?
Stores selling sexual toys coexist with organizations that condemn explicit TV content, reflecting diverse societal views.
85
What are some debated issues in contemporary North American sexual culture?
Debates often center on aspects of the sex industry, including exotic dancing, pornography, and prostitution
86
What is a key historical background of exotic dancing in North America?
Exotic dancing, including burlesque and other forms of "stripping," has roots going back centuries and has recently regained popularity, prompting more research on the industry.
86
What are the two main views in the debate on exotic dancing?
one view sees exotic dancers as victims of exploitation, while the other argues that exotic dancers exercise agency and choice in their work.
87
88
What factors are often linked to the lives of exotic dancers according to some research?
Some studies find associations with substance use, physical and sexual abuse, low self-esteem, risky sexual behaviors, and financial need.
89
What is the "counterfeit intimacy" that exotic dancers create with customers?
Dancers often create a fantasy relationship, sometimes sharing false personal details to "hook" customers and encourage repeat visits.
90
How do some exotic dancers experience shifts in self-identity
Over time, some dancers report difficulty separating their stage persona from their real selves, leading to a sense of numbness and loss of self.
90
How do exotic dancers navigate personal boundaries with customers?
Dancers must decide what they are willing to do for money, such as giving lap dances or private sessions, which can change as they become more involved in the industry.
91
What is a reported benefit of working in the exotic dancing industry for some male dancers (MDW)?
Many MDW report higher self-esteem and confidence, viewing themselves as admired rather than objectified
92
How does the structure of capitalism influence the exotic dancing industry?
The industry is impacted by efficiency, predictability, control, and calculability, aspects of "McDonaldization" described by sociologist George Ritzer.
92
What strategies do dancers use to control interactions with customers?
Dancers leverage club rules and relationships with staff to protect themselves, make more money, and control customer behavior
93
What is the concept of "McSexy" as applied to exotic dancing?
It refers to the influence of capitalism and cultural ideals of beauty, which shape dancers' appearances and performances to meet customer expectations.
93
How does the "deviance dance" apply to exotic dancing?
The deviance dance surrounding exotic dancing reflects complex interactions between exploitation, agency, and societal power structures.
94
What are the two debates about the view of exotic dancer
Overall, research
reflects ongoing debates between the view that exotic dancers (especially women) are
victims of exploitation and the competing view that “the decision to participate in
sex work is a choice” and that dancers “exercise their agency through the individual
negotiations that occur in that context”
95
what does research days exotic dancer are characterized by
For example, some
research finds that the lives of exotic dancers are characterized by histories of substance use, physical and sexual abuse, low self-esteem, risky sexual behaviours, and
financial desperation
96
what is the opposing research in characteristics of the life of exotic dancer
other research suggest otherwise. in comparison of female exotic dancer and university students, pedersen et al (2015) found that although there are difference in attitudes toward sex and responsible sexual practice, there are no significant differences in persoanlity measure or self-esteem
97
according to some scholar, how is that pattern of interacting and structures of power with exotic dancer
Exotic dancers must negotiate relationships with customers, as well as their
own identities, within a structure of power inside the industry. That structure of
power is multifaceted, existing at the individual, organizational, and institutional levels (Deshotels et al., 2012). At the individual level, power manifests itself in the interactions between dancers and customers.
The dancers are objects of the customers’ desire
and must embody the fantasies that brought the customers into the club. That is, the
dancers must be whatever or whomever the customers want them to be because their
job is to make the customers stay in the club and spend money on drinks.
98
how does dancer appear to be subjected to the power of customers meaning they exercise their own power
They perceive their male customers as
“lonely and . . . want[ing] somebody to make them feel better” (Egan, 2003, p. 114).
The women use their bodies to manipulate customers and earn more money, creating
a fantasy relationship based on “counterfeit intimacy” (Mestemacher & Roberti, 2004,
p. 49)—an approach that is reinforced by their managers (Stone, 2014). For example,
in the fantasy relationship they create, they may secretly “confess” to a customer
what their “real” names and life stories are—however, it is all a lie designed to “hook
a regular customer” and “keep him coming back” (Egan, 2003, p. 112). Part of the
image that dancers create is that of the customer being in control of the interaction
99
how would some scholar says how being a dancer have a positive effect on their self-concept and self-esteem
though women may feel sexualized and objectives, which can lower their self-esteem and contribute to more fragile self-concept.
however men dancers tend to feel admired than objectified bringing them greater confidence and higher level of self esteem
99
why does some dancer feel violated
when there is a gap between their ideal selves which who they want to be and their perceived selves who they see themselves as being currently. as someone who describes it as losing themselves and identity
100
how does the organizational level govern the interaction between dancers and customers
The organizational level comprises the rules governing customer
and dancer behaviour, such as customers being prohibited from touching dancers and dancers having to
share tips with servers, bouncers, and bartenders
100
what is the interaction between rules between dancers and customer and their pricing
The stricter the rules governing dancer–customer
interactions, the more the dancer can charge a customer for prohibited behaviors.
100
what is the institutional power governing the dancer
The exotic dancing
industry is affected by competing interests among different stakeholders, the structure of contemporary capitalism, and, for female dancers, by cultural ideals of female
beauty.
101
what is the difference between the dancer and the owner
The primary goal of owners and managers is to increase revenue, while the central
interest of dancers is to maximize their personal incomes. These contrasting goals can
create conflict
102
what is affecting the exotic dancing industry
The exotic dancing industry is affected by the structure of contemporary capitalism and cultural ideals of female beauty as well.
103
what is the McDonaldization of society
it has 4 components:
1. efficiency
2. predictability
3. control
4. calculability
104
how are the component of McDonaldization seen in the industry
1. Efficiency: find that dancers make efficient use of their time,
trying to interact with as many customers as possible during a shift. As one dancer
notes, “I realized early on to watch for the cues to see when I had maxed out his wallet”
2. predictability: Predictability is reflected in “product specification” (p. 143), where a specific standard of beauty is applied in hiring dancers. The more elite the club, the higher
the standard of beauty, with the ideal being “what you would see in Playboy magazine”
3. Control: Control is
also evident in the standard set of “characters” that dancers dress as (e.g., schoolgirl),
their dance moves, and the lines they use with customers to get more money.
4. Calculability: calculability emerges in the dancers’ song selection and timing. When on the main
stage, dancers select songs of a certain length, just long enough to tease the customers
and make them want more (and thereby be willing to pay for a private dance).
105
How is pornography commonly defined in a functional sense
Anything used for sexual arousal, even content like Victoria’s Secret ads or romance novels if used with that intent.
105
What is pornography?
Pornography often involves explicit sexual content, though defining "explicit" can be subjective and controversial.
106
What is a genre definition of pornography?
Pornography is defined as content specifically created to cause sexual arousal in the consumer.
106
What legal test is traditionally used in Canada to determine if content is obscene
The "community standards test," now shifting toward a "harm" test in Supreme Court rulings.
107
How does Canadian law define child pornography?
Depictions of minors (under 18) in explicit sexual activities or of sexual organs/anal regions for sexual purposes.
107
How does Canadian law define obscenity?
As content with undue exploitation of sex, or of sex with crime, horror, cruelty, or violence, with exceptions for art, education, or medicine.
108
What are common themes in research on the effects of pornography
Concerns about physical harm, mental health impacts, relationship effects, and broader societal implications
109
What role does pornography play in youth culture according to recent research?
It is common for leisure, masturbation, escapism, and exploration of sexuality, though often viewed with ambivalence.
110
What is the relationship between adolescent pornography use and sexual behavior?
Research links it to more permissive sexual attitudes, traditional gender roles, and potentially higher sexual activity and aggression.
110
How do youth typically feel about pornography use?
While normalized, many have mixed feelings, recognizing unequal portrayals and noting that real relationships are preferable.
110
what is seen as the solution to prostitution
it is seen the discourses of morality first
labelled the prostitute herself with moral weakness but later assigned that weakness
to deceitful males who seduced unsuspecting young women. Through this interpretive lens, the solution to prostitution was religious intervention to strengthen morals.
111
how was prostitution regulated
Prostitution became state regulated to reduce the spread of contagious diseases and to
protect male consumers of the trade from “faulty goods”
112
what is the evolving perspectives on prostitution over time
1. Morality: This discourse centers on moral judgments, traditionally viewing prostitution as immoral or sinful. It was one of the earliest dominant perspectives on the issue.
2. Public Health: Over time, the focus shifted toward public health concerns, particularly around issues like sexually transmitted infections. This discourse approaches prostitution from a health risk management perspective rather than purely moral condemnation.
3. Victimization: Later, discussions began to focus on victimization, emphasizing the idea that people involved in prostitution might be victims of exploitation, coercion, or trafficking.
4. Worker Rights: The most recent discourse advocates for recognizing sex work as legitimate labor, with a focus on workers' rights, safety, and legal protections
112
What is a functional definition of pornography?
A functional definition suggests that pornography is anything used by an individual for the purpose of sexual arousal (Goode, 2019
113
Who described pornography as "in the groin of the beholder"?
McKeen (2002, p. D6) used this phrase to highlight the subjective nature of pornography in a functional definition.
114
What kinds of media could be considered pornography under the functional definition?
Items like the women's undergarment section of the Eaton's catalogue, the Victoria’s Secret website, and romance novels could be considered pornography if used for arousal.
115
What is a genre definition of pornography?
A genre definition suggests that products created to arouse the consumer constitute pornography
116
What challenge does the genre definition of pornography present?
It requires inferring the producer’s intentions, such as whether romance novels or the Sports Illustrated swimsuit issue are meant to cause sexual excitement.
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What do labeling definitions of pornography focus on?
They focus on community standards—anything that community members deem obscene (Goode, 2019)
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How does the Merriam-Webster Dictionary (2020a) define pornography
It defines pornography as “the depiction of erotic behavior (as in pictures and writing) intended to cause sexual excitement.”
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What is the significance of obscenity and community standards in Canadian law?
They are central to Canadian law, specifically in Section 163 of the Criminal Code, which defines obscene publications.
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How does Section 163 of the Canadian Criminal Code define an obscene publication
An obscene publication is one with the undue exploitation of sex, or of sex and any combination of crime, horror, cruelty, or violence (Criminal Code, RSC, 1985, c. C-46)
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What exceptions exist to the Canadian Criminal Code’s definition of obscene publications?
Exceptions include publications with artistic or literary merit or those for educational or medical purposes.
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What is the "community standards test" in determining obscenity?
It is a traditional test to decide if a publication is obscene, based on what most Canadians would not tolerate others seeing
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What exceptions exist under the Canadian Criminal Code’s definition of child pornography
Exceptions include materials with artistic or literary merit, those for educational or medical purposes, personal writings kept private, and self-photographs that are kept private.
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How has the Supreme Court of Canada recently shifted its approach to obscenity?
The Supreme Court has moved from the concept of "community standards" of tolerance to the concept of "harm" when determining if obscenity laws are violated.
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What is the legal definition of child pornography according to the Canadian Criminal Code
It is any representation of someone under the age of 18 engaged in explicit sexual activity or any depiction, for sexual purposes, of a sexual organ or the anal region (Criminal Code, RSC, 1985, c. C-46).
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How does the clarity of the legal definition of child pornography compare to that of obscenity?
The legal definition of child pornography is considered clearer than that of obscenity involving adults.
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Why is there still social and legal debate regarding child pornography laws?
Debate exists due to issues such as the practice of sexting among adolescents, which raises questions about the application of these laws.
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what are the debates surrounding pornography
Some participants in this debate focus on the
question of physical harm—whether pornography consumption is association with
sexual violence.
Other participants in this debate focus on the question of a broader
harm to users (e.g., depression, anxiety), interpersonal relationships, attitudes toward
and perceptions of women in society, or even the moral fibre of society.
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Who is more likely to consume pornography regularly, according to research findings?
Males are more likely than females to consume pornography regularly
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What did Lim and colleagues (2017) find about pornography use among youth ages 15 to 29
They found that lifetime use of pornography is common, with 82% of females and 100% of males reporting having used it.
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Why has recent research focused on pornography's role in the lives of youth?
This focus is due to the high level of internet use among youth, which increases their exposure to various types of media, including pornography
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What is the basis for public debates over the harm of pornography?
The foundation for these debates stems from academic research that examines the effects of media on consumers.
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How has the internet impacted the availability of pornography?
The internet has vastly increased the availability of pornography, making it widely accessible, available in large quantities, and often free of charge.
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what are the effect of pornography to youth
1. the consumption of pornography is associated with more permissive sexual attitudes and more traditional gender role attitudes.
2. adolescents who consume
pornography are more likely to engage in sexual intercourse and causal sex
3. may
be more likely to act in sexually aggressive ways (especially boys) or be subjected to
sexually aggressive behaviours (especially girls)
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why are pornography used among youth
It is a part of their leisure, used instrumentally (to masturbate), or as a form of escape and relaxation from
daily stressors. It is also a source of learning, enabling young people to explore their
sexuality through fantasy, as well as develop understandings of sexuality more generally and even find ideas to use in their in-person sexual relationships
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How are males and females portrayed in pornography, according to youth?
Youth recognize that males and females are portrayed unequally in pornography.
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What key element do young people feel is missing from pornography
they feel that "love" is missing from pornography, and that real relationships are better.
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How do many girls feel about pornography
Many girls express disgust toward pornography, even if they experience physical arousal from it
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What sentiment do some male users have about pornography?
Some male users say they are simply tired of pornography.
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Despite being normalized, what feelings do youth have about pornography?
Youth have mixed feelings about pornography, and the "spectre of deviance" remains present (Löfgren-Mårtenson & Månsson, 2010).
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how was prostitute seen in the early part of the century
In the early part of the century, the prostitute was considered a fallen
angel, in contrast to the saintly nature of the ideal woman
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What perspective has dominated media reports and public policy regarding prostitution?
The "oppression paradigm," which views prostitution as male violence against women in a patriarchal society (Weitzer, 2010).
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According to the oppression paradigm, how are sex workers viewed?
Sex workers are viewed as incapable of being agents of choice or power.
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What is the "polymorphous paradigm" suggested by Weitzer?
It is a paradigm that recognizes the varied working conditions and experiences of different groups of sex workers.
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What critique does Weitzer (2010) make about research within the oppression paradigm?
He argues that it often disregards sex workers' voices when they disagree with the paradigm and makes sweeping generalizations based on individual abuse stories.
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How does Tsang (2018) describe the experience of "tempting girls" in China
Many of these young women choose sex work over factory jobs because it provides more money, freedom, and less exhaustion than the harsh conditions of factory work.
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What do some scholars propose regarding policies governing prostitution
They advocate for shifting from discourses of morality and victimization to discourses of human or worker rights.
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What reasons do some women in China have for choosing sex work over factory work?
They make more money, have more freedom, avoid extreme work hours, and see sex work as a rational choice given limited economic options.
141
What did the Ontario Court of Appeal rule in 2011 regarding prostitution laws?
The court ruled that some laws “place unconstitutional restrictions on prostitutes’ ability to protect themselves,” overturning the ban on brothels and allowing sex workers to hire bodyguards and support staff (Humphreys, 2012).
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What is the legal status of prostitution in Canada?
Prostitution itself is not illegal, but certain activities surrounding it, like seeing clients at a fixed address, are criminalized.
141
How have criminalization laws affected the safety of sex workers in Canada?
They have placed sex workers in unsafe working conditions, preventing measures that could improve their safety.
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What milestone was achieved by sex workers and the Sex Professionals of Canada in 2011?
The Court of Appeal for Ontario agreed with their efforts to challenge restrictive laws that compromised sex worker safety.
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What was the Supreme Court of Canada's decision in 2013 regarding prostitution laws?
The Supreme Court upheld the Ontario ruling, giving the federal government one year to create new legislation or opt not to legislate prostitution
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What is Bill C-36, enacted in 2014?
Bill C-36, The Protection of Communities and Exploited Persons Act, emphasizes the victimization of sex workers, stating that being paid for sex is sexual exploitation (Davies, 2015).
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What criticism exists regarding Bill C-36?
Critics argue it pushes prostitution indoors, making it harder for social workers and police to assist underage or vulnerable workers, and may convey an acceptance of prostitution to children.
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What does Pocock (2020) argue regarding the framing of prostitution?
Pocock suggests that both victimization and work perspectives fail to account for intersectionality, as prostitution disproportionately harms marginalized women, such as those who are poor, racialized, or Indigenous.
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How does colonial discourse affect perceptions of marginalized women in prostitution
Colonial discourses depict white, middle-class women as needing protection, while poor, racialized, or Indigenous women are seen as outlets for male desire, perpetuating harm (Pocock, 2020).
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What alternative perspective does Raguparan (2017) offer about racialized and Indigenous sex workers?
Raguparan highlights that some racialized and Indigenous women succeed economically in sex-related businesses, resisting traditional stereotypes.
146
How does Smiley (2016) describe the impact of colonial discourses on Indigenous women?
Smiley argues that colonial portrayals, like the “princess” or “savage,” harm Indigenous women, especially those in sex work, framing it as a form of colonial violence.
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What are the main discourses surrounding prostitution in contemporary debates?
Morality, victimization, and worker rights discourses all play a role in the “deviance dance” around prostitution.
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How do different cultures view and regulate sexuality?
While concepts of sexual deviance vary, all cultures distinguish between deviant and normal sexuality and use formal and informal methods to regulate it.
148
How do perceptions of "deviant" and "normal" sexuality vary?
Perceptions of "deviant" and "normal" sexuality vary cross-culturally, historically, and among different social groups within a culture at a specific time.
148
How did meanings of sexuality change in North America from the 17th to 20th century?
From the seventeenth century to the twentieth century, meanings of sexuality in North America shifted from reproductive ideals to intimacy in marriage, and then to personal fulfillment. Agents of social control also changed, influenced by hierarchies of race, class, and gender.
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What were the sexual cultures of traditional Indigenous societies compared to white settlers?
Traditional Indigenous societies had very different sexual cultures than those of white settlers and colonial governments. Colonization subjected Indigenous sexual cultures to significant social control measures, making the reclamation of these cultures central to decolonization today.
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What does the multiplicity of perceptions surrounding sexuality imply?
In any culture at any given time, there exists a multiplicity of perceptions, reactions, and social control measures surrounding sexuality.
150
What is the "deviance dance" in contemporary society?
The "deviance dance" is particularly evident in contemporary society when considering issues related to sex work, such as exotic dancing, pornography, and prostitution.
150
What is the current state of sexual freedom in North America
Although sexual freedom has increased considerably in North America, judgments of "deviant" and "normal" sexuality continue, based on criteria such as consent, nature of the sexual partner, and nature of the sexual act
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What does functionalism state about institutions?
Functionalism states that institutions are responsible for the stability of society. If there is a breakdown of one institution, it can affect other institutions.
152
What are the statistics for porn watching among 15-29 year-olds?
Among 15-29 year-olds, 37% of males watch porn daily compared to 4% of females; 46% of males watch weekly compared to 18% of females; 10% of males watch monthly compared to 25% of females; and 5% of males and 35% of females watch less frequently.
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How would functionalists discuss rape and sexual acts?
Functionalists would argue that rape is often about domination. They may suggest that some women may like being dominated, though this perspective is controversial and requires nuanced understanding.
153
What is the functionalist perspective on crime
Functionalists believe crime can have both positive and negative effects; it can provide jobs and set societal boundaries, but excessive crime can harm society.
153
What does conflict theory say about porn?
Conflict theory argues that porn is not functionalist; it critiques capitalism and the objectification of women.
154
What misconceptions do young men have after watching porn?
Research shows young men have misconceptions such as: 1) more negative attitudes about sex; 2) more traditional beliefs about gender roles; 3) earlier onset of intercourse; 4) tendency towards casual sex; and 5) a relationship between porn viewing and sexual aggression, more prevalent among young men than older men.
154
What is the difference between 'youth at risk' and 'youth as risk'?
Youth at risk' refers to youth putting themselves in danger (e.g., smoking), while 'youth as risk' refers to youth posing risks to society (e.g., gang involvement).
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How would functionalists and conflict theorists describe the increase in e-cigarette use?
Functionalists might describe the increase in e-cigarette use as a healthy trend benefiting society, while conflict theorists would argue that, due to reduced smoking rates, companies created e-cigarettes to keep consumers addicted
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What are the alcohol and e-cigarette usage statistics among youth?
For grades 7-12, 42% use alcohol regularly, 23% use e-cigarettes, and 22% use cannabis. In the 1970s, 20% of teens smoked; today, only 3% do.
157
What are the tobacco and e-cigarette usage rates by grade?
Answer: In grade 7, 7% have ever tried tobacco or e-cigarettes (2% daily); in grade 8, 9% (2% daily); in grade 9, 14% (2% daily); in grade 10, 21% (2% daily); in grade 11, 32% (3% daily); in grade 12, 35% (3% daily).
in grade 7, 7% have ever tried tobacco or e-cigarettes (2% daily); in grade 8, 9% ever tried these
(2% daily); in grade 9, 14% ever tried these (2% daily);
in grade 10, 21% ever tried these (2% daily);
in grade 11, 32% ever tried these (3% daily);
in grade 12, 35% ever tried these (3% daily).
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Why is society so hung up about sexuality?
Society's fixation on sexuality can be attributed to factors such as religion (binary concepts, especially in Christianity), tradition and culture, changes in law, and dominant narratives shaped by elite discourse and control.
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What is a common misperception about sexuality?
some people believe that sexuality is a cause of deviance, which is a misperception. This can lead to generalizations and moral panic.
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What are the consequences of underground suppression of sexuality?
Suppression results in pressure, which may lead to an explosion of deviant behaviors, affecting public safety and leading to punishment
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How is sexuality socially defined?
Sexuality is socially defined; a behavior is considered wrong because society deems it so, and laws are also socially constructed.
161
What does the phrase 'Tradition is peer pressure from the dead' mean?
This phrase suggests that traditions often impose constraints and expectations inherited from past generations, which can pressure individuals in contemporary society.
161
What was the practice of foot binding in Chinese culture
Foot binding was a practice to suppress women's individuality and prevent them from leaving their husbands, initiated for power and cultural reasons, later viewed by elites as an attractive look.
162
What are the aspects of sexuality outlined in the chapter?
1. Reproduction within marriage, regulated by laws;
2. Intimacy;
3. Personal fulfillment, which has evolved over the last 50-60 years.
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How do laws devianize sexuality?
Laws establish legal age for consent, conduct regulations (e.g., prohibiting sex in public), and criminalize activities like prostitution, incest, and certain forms of pornography.
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How does Quentin Crisp view youth conformity
Crisp argues that youth conformity to each other puts them in opposition to society’s dominant moral codes, making them collectively deviant.
164
What role does consent play in discussions about sexuality?
Consent is crucial in discussions about sexuality, operating under the principle of 'he said, she said,' and applies to all aspects of sexual conduct.
165
What did Quentin Crisp claim about youth in The Naked Civil Servant (1968)
He claimed that youth have solved the problem of rebelling and conforming simultaneously by defying their elders while copying each other
165
What historical practices were used to control women during their menstrual cycle
in some cultures, women were locked away during their menstrual cycle, with elites claiming it was the devil's doing to exert control over them
165
How are youth often portrayed in media and by adults?
Youth are often perceived as having lifestyles centered around deviance, whether through headlines on youth crime or concerns about their media consumption.
165
What does it mean for youth to be "at risk" or "as a risk"
"At risk" refers to behaviors that threaten their own well-being, like substance abuse, while "as a risk" refers to behaviors that threaten others, like criminal activity.
165
What is a key point Quentin Crisp makes about youth as a group
Crisp points out that all youth are viewed as potential threats to themselves and society, suggesting youth culture itself is seen as deviant.
166
What is a significant societal perspective on youth culture
Youth culture and the period of youth itself are often deemed deviant and in need of social control.
167
How is the term "youth" defined across different contexts?
Definitions of youth vary, sometimes defined by age (e.g., 12–17 in the YCJA, 15–30 in Statistics Canada), social status, or as a process.
168
How does the United Nations and World Health Organization define youth
A: They define youth as those aged 15 to 24.
168
According to the Youth Criminal Justice Act (YCJA), who is considered "youth"?
The YCJA defines youth as individuals aged 12 to 17
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How does Statistics Canada’s A Portrait of Canadian Youth define youth?
A: It focuses on individuals aged 15 to 30
