Urbanization and the City
Canada is increasingly urban
• Views of Urbanization
Urbanization and the City
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Urbanization and the City
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Urbanization and the City
- What are cities? What is urban?
* Interest of cities to sociologists
Urbanization and the City
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Urbanization and the City
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Chapter 1
The origin of cities • Historical processes of urbanization • Importance of empire in historical urbanization • Importance of agriculture • Modernization and the rise of manufacturing • Global restructuring of cities • Current issues – new urban order • Global cities and rise of city regions • The importance of the creative classes
Chapter 1
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Chapter 1
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Chapter 1
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Chapter 1
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Chapter 1
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Chapter 1
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Chapter 1
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Introduction
Two views of cities/urbanization n Demographic and socio-cultural
n Most Canadians live in cities n Table I.1 and Figure I.1
Introduction
n What does urban mean?
n What are cities?
n Cities interested the earliest sociologists
Introduction
n Examples – Ferdinand Tonnies, George Simmel, “Chicago School” sociologists
Introduction
demographers look at migration to cities
technology has reduced need for human labou
morphology of cities - increase size, density, diversity
3 demographic variables by Worth - size, density, heterogenerity
size: population
density: persons per area
heterogeneity: differences in ethnicity, culture, income
greater specialization creating rich environment
leads to less reliance on the family
sociocultural
more about how you live
increasingly urban mindset despite geography
changes how you interact with ppl
rural Canada has become more similar to urban cities
urbanization is pervasive
lost intimacy
earning living outside the home - weakening bonds
city relationships are more complex and superficial
urbanization is both an outcome and a catalyst for other consequences
changes in househild: demand for going solo (apartments)
fewer people are delaying marriage and children[cities include any area that has built up infrastructure - includes metropolitan areas
amalgamated city of toronto
Introduction
=lots of divide within cities such as transportation which have become political issues
suburban areas different than condo areas
each city has its own history
economy power has changed over the years from Montreal, to Toronto, to the West (Edmonton, Vancouver, Calgary), but now have fallen on hard times
reason and where it was founded is different
cities with technologies have become more detached
canadian cities torn in between - contemporary forces of suburbanization and European pedestrian friendly cities
challenges of aging, fertility
concern about crime and the way of life
value judgement - anti-urban bias (messy, crimeladen, lacks intimacy)
anti-Toronto bias
Toronto has a disadvantage to the bias against them
people are uncomfortable to its diversity
pro-urban biases - cultural omnivores, ecclectic experiences, subcultures
Introduction
Gemeinshaft: intimate social ties
close knit communities
shift to Geshelshaft: society ppl knew each other segmentally, and competed with each other
depiction of these societies in films
negative things could happen such as group think and discrimination
Simmel
psychological impact of urban life
overstimulation: complex relationships, desire to stay aloof
how people related to one another after capitalism
chicago: built on the railroad
benefited from the hinterland
rapidly growing cities
influx of people from all over the world
looked at more micro structures - community interaction, zone theory while german school was macro and historical
city life is experienced differently by different people
how cities are organized has social consequences
cities are an expression of the people living in it
reciprocal nature of internalization and externalization
balance with choosing a city that is consistent with who they are
where are these tensions at the micr, meso, and macro level
do people have agency in dealing with these tensions
Introduction
-70% of ppl live in larger cities 82% live in urban areas 4.7% rural areas close to urban areas 13.1% are remote most rural: PEI most urban: ontario, quebec, Alberta, BC large percentage in the big cities
Introduction
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Introduction
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Introduction
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Introduction
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Introduction
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Chapter 1: Canadian Urbanization in Historical and Global Perspective
-The origin of cities
• Historical processes of urbanization
• Importance of empire in historical urbanization
• Importance of agriculture
• Modernization and the rise of manufacturing
Chapter 1: Canadian Urbanization in Historical and Global Perspective
-• Global restructuring of cities
• Current issues – new urban order
• Global cities and rise of city regions
• The importance of the creative classes
Chapter 1: Canadian Urbanization in Historical and Global Perspective
-origin of cities
greater control of environment
domestication of animals
made permanent settlement possible
as control over nature increased, societies became more complex and less need for human labour
better extraction of resources from hinterland
ups and downs related to climate, pathogens, warfare - disrupted city growth
failure of agriculture - urban population collapsing
hinterland
provides resources and labour
need to draw from hinterland
lots of cities near water - access to boats for transportation of resources
water as way of moving goods and supplies
with technology, don’t have to be located near hinterland
empire
expansions, successes and failures, history of conquest through brutal means
agriculture: need to feed people
efficiency increased quickly in the past - even simple tools such as ploughs can free up human labour
leads to greater heteogeneity
creation of states, hierarchy as human labour is freed up in agriculture
long process due to plagues
surplus of food led to transmission of disease e.g. cholera
public health infrastructure put in place to address problems
cities were a bad place to live for a long period of time
rulers of cities were cruel to ppl living in them
bounty of agriculture was not distributed equally as a form of social control
industrialization
rise of the steam engine
increasing use of technology - machines - to create more efficiency
reduced need for human labour
lead to manufacturing industry - textiles, cars
commercial products we have come to be reliant on
led to cycle that increased manufacturing industry efficiency and complexity
demand for housing and consumer goods post WWII
good standard of living
provide for family based on 1 income - not sustainable
businesses seeked out lower cost labour and energy
technology and transportation has allowed globalized companies to exploit lower costs
the jobs have been taken away and outsourced
new urban order
creative classes
vying for high value jobs - generating products and cures for cancer
everyone is trying to do the same thing so there is more competition
Canada has an attractive tax climate with creative ppl and opportunities
Chapter 1: Canadian Urbanization in Historical and Global Perspective
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Chapter 1: Canadian Urbanization in Historical and Global Perspective
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The City in History
All cities require a hinterland n Provides labor and resources
n Historical urbanization always tied to empires
n Characteristics of Early Cities
n Dominant authority figures
n Never grew continuously
n E.g. Jerusalem
n Reasons: warfare, sanitation, plagues, etc
n Early Cities (figure 1.1)
The City in History
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The City in History
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The City in History
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The City in History
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The City in History
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The City in History
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The City in History
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The Agricultural Revolution
Was a precursor for modern cities n Stages are:
n Domestication of plants/animals, permanent settlements, mechanization of ag, food surplus, more complex division of labour, greater hierarchy in society, creation of administrative structures
The Agricultural Revolution
n Social inequality rises with changes in redistribution process that develops with cities
n Rivers were good for expanding the hinterland, allowing for larger cities
The Agricultural Revolution
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The Agricultural Revolution
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The Agricultural Revolution
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The Agricultural Revolution
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The Agricultural Revolution
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The Agricultural Revolution
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