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SOC363 > SOC363: 5. Race, Immigration > Flashcards

SOC363: 5. Race, Immigration Flashcards

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1
Q

Reviewing What We “Know”

A

Surprising)Findings)EEE$the$rates$of$
disadvantaged$groups,$groups$with$lower$
status,$groups$discriminated$against,$are$
lower.$How$can$this$be?

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2
Q

Historical Comparisons Tell the Story

A

First$EE$this$is$sociology:$race$is$treated$as$a$
socially$constructed$category,$not$a$biological$
reality.$$
• “Things perceived as real are real in their
consequences” (W.I.Thomas, circa 1932)

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3
Q

Historical Comparisons Tell the Story

A

Listen$to$Williams$on$the$history:$
• Malzberg (1944): the representativeness of historical
samples determined findings about Black / White
differences in the United States.
• Only in state mental hospitals — blacks have higher
rates; but in noninstitutionalized populations, blacks
have lower rates.
• Means (again) that treatment studies are inherently
flawed.

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4
Q

Historical Comparisons Tell the Story

A

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5
Q

Historical Comparisons Tell the Story

A

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6
Q

Post WWII Community Surveys:

Distress and Depression

A

Picture$changes$somewhat$using$distress$and$
depression$scales:$
• Typically, Blacks now higher than whites, with some
exceptions…

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7
Q

Post WWII Community Surveys:

Distress and Depression

A

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8
Q

Post WWII Community Surveys:

Distress and Depression

A

What$does$this$mean?$
• “Demand characteristics” lower in community
surveys, related to higher rates

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9
Q

Post WWII Community Surveys:

Distress and Depression

A

• Sample sizes important — when too small, findings
suspect. Most early surveys did not sample
minorities sufficiently
• Or: Minority groups have higher rates of moderate
mental health problems, lower rates of serious and
stable problems

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10
Q

Post WWII Community Surveys:

Distress and Depression

A

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11
Q

Post-1980 Community Surveys:

Prevalence of Disorders

A

ECA:$
• Most disorders had equal or lower rates among
Blacks and Hispanics, except for phobias.
! NCS:$
• Lower rates among both Blacks and Hispanics
relative to whites.
• A finding with many interpretations –
“ Artifactual: “Response Effect” – hiding true problems
“ Substantive: a Remarkable “inverse” finding. Lower
SES, more stressful lives, but fewer problems. A signal
of something else?

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12
Q

Post-1980 Community Surveys:

Prevalence of Disorders

A

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13
Q

Post-1980 Community Surveys:

Prevalence of Disorders

A

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14
Q

Complexity Again

A 
! Blacks$–$
• Could be subdivided into Multigenerational, Caribbean, recent
African, and European origins
! Hispanic$–$
• Puerto Rican (closer relationship with U.S.)
• Mexican-American (migrants recently)
• Cuban
• South American
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15
Q

Complexity Again

A

! (E.)$Asian$–$
• Japanese
• Chinese, and regional
• Korean

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16
Q

Complexity Again

A

• Vietnamese
• Filipino
! Any$cultural,$historical,$political,$religious$or$migration$
status$differences$could$crossEcut$and$average$out$
differences$in$more$general$groupings$

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17
Q

Complexity Again

A

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18
Q

Complexity Again

A

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19
Q

And of course

A 
White$is$not$just$“White”.$
! Includes$what$is$usually$included$under$
“Ethnicity”.$
! Combined$approach:$“ethnoEracial”$
differences.
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20
Q

And of course

A

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21
Q

Aggregating Results

A

Williams:$the$Collaborative$Psychiatric$
Epidemiology$Surveys$(CPES).$
• combines the NCS with other surveys designed to
target specific groups (Blacks in the NSAL, Latinos
and Asian Americans in the NLAAS).

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22
Q

Aggregating Results

A

• Each group sampled in the thousands, sub-groups
of Hispanics and Asians at least 500 each.
• Thus results more stable and general than other
surveys.
• Results consistent with many recent surveys

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23
Q

Aggregating Results

A

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24
Q

Aggregating Results

A

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25
Results from the CPES
! Typical$findings
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Results from the CPES
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SES Cross-Cuts Differences… or | Does It?
Often,$controlling$for$SES$reduces$differences$ across$raceEethnicity,$but$two$issues$here:$ • Kessler and Neighbors: at the lowest SES levels specifically, blacks had higher levels of distress than whites. • SES part of the explanation, not a “confounder”. Meaning
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SES Cross-Cuts Differences… or | Does It?
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SES Cross-Cuts Differences… or | Does It?
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Major Issues in Interpreting Findings
! Demand$characteristics$EEE$involves$the$ situation$of$the$interview,$relationship$to$ interviewer$and$the$meaning$of$the$questions.$ • But --- NCS rates lower than ECA, lower demand characteristics… ! And$“culture”:$$ • A broad term to explain unusual findings… but requiring further research. • Could be the source of major differences in coping skills and resilience across groups.
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Major Issues in Interpreting Findings
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Major Issues in Interpreting Findings
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Major Issues in Interpreting Findings
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Discrimination
Largest$area$of$emerging$research.$ ! Williams$gives$a$clear$picture$of$what$is$ involved:$ • Started with American blacks, but has expanded internationally. • Longitudinal studies link discrimination to mental health changes over time. • Not a response bias issue due to who says they are discriminated against – results controlling for “social desirability” effects in responses are the same. • Internalized racism related to higher distress and substance use.
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Discrimination
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Discrimination
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Discrimination
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Discrimination
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The Biggest Question
How$can$disadvantaged$groups$($lower$SES,$ discrimination,$fewer$opportunities,$more$ stressors)$end$up$with$fewer$problems?$ ! Is$it$the$counteracting$effect$of$better$coping$ resources?$
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The Biggest Question
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The Biggest Question
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Evidence about the Role of Coping | Resources
Extended$family/kin$social$support$ ! Religious$involvement$ ! Adjusting$for$stress$sometimes$shows$Blacks$ have$lower$distress$than$Whites$–$i.e.,$Whites$ more$vulnerable$to$stress.$ • Ceiling effect of early stress – less threat, more learning in coping with stress. • More emotional / cognitive flexibility in dealing with stress. ! Other$evidence$not$cited$here
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Evidence about the Role of Coping | Resources
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Evidence about the Role of Coping | Resources
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Evidence about the Role of Coping | Resources
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Ethnic Identity may be Protective
Effects of Ethnic Identity on Coping with Perceived Discrimination Effect on Depression among Filipino Americans
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Ethnic Identity may be Protective
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Ethnic Identity may be Protective
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And Essential Coping Resources | May be More Prevalent
Ryff et al. (2003)
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And Essential Coping Resources | May be More PrevalentEthnic Identity may be Protective
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And Essential Coping Resources | May be More Prevalent
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52
Is Canada Different?..... | Yes and No
``` Selected$Racial/Ethnic$ Differences$in$Depression Wu$et$al.$(2003),$from$the$ NPHS,$over$81,000$ Canadians:$ • Results'for'Racial' Differences'show'lower'or' equal'Depression,'except' Mixed'Race'and'Aboriginal • Results'for'Ethnic'' Differences'show'higher' relative'to'Native?born' Anglo'Background ```
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Is Canada Different?..... | Yes and No
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Is Canada Different?..... | Yes and No
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Group Differences in Toronto
Data:$ • Work and Family Issues Study --- 888 Intact couples • Mental Health and Stress Study --- 1393 randomly selected adults
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Group Differences in Toronto
``` ! 4$Groups$distinguished:$ • Whites • East Asians • Blacks • South Asians ```
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Group Differences in Toronto
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Group Differences in Toronto
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Group Differences in Toronto
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Group Differences in the Toronto | Study of Intact Families
``` Differences with nativeborn Whites: usually fewer problems ```
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Group Differences in the Toronto | Study of Intact Families
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Group Differences in the Toronto | Study of Intact Families
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Group Differences in the Toronto | Study of Intact Families
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Group Differences in the Mental | Health and Stress Study
``` Differences with native-born Whites: similar pattern, with a few exceptions. ```
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Group Differences in the Mental | Health and Stress Study
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66
Story the Same / Different
``` ! Different:$distress$equal$or$lower$ ! Same:$Rates$of$CIDI$Diagnoses$clearly$ lower…$ ! Conflated$with$Immigration$issues?$ ! The$question$is:$ • Is it the advantages of minority status culture or the disadvantages of majority White culture? ```
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Story the Same / Different
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Story the Same / Different
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69
Immigration --- Another Layer
Williams$reviews$basic$American$findings,$ reflecting$a$“healthy$immigrant”$effect$but$ followed$by$a$decline$to$the$majority$norm:$
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Immigration --- Another Layer
! Findings$include:$ • Starting advantage in many groups • Length of residence results in decline
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Immigration --- Another Layer
• The stressors of migration at issue – isolation from background, new language, no social capital beyond the boundaries of ethnic community. • Comparisons of native-born vs. foreign-born Caribbean blacks, Latinos, and Asians all show much lower rates of disorder among the foreign-born. • Generation predicts worse mental health : Assimilation not helpful.
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Immigration --- Another Layer
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Immigration in Canada: | Montazer and Wheaton
``` Differences$with$the$U.S.:$ • The diversity of countries of origin (Here, 81). • The recency of migration among current immigrants. • Prevalence in the population ```
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Immigration in Canada: | Montazer and Wheaton
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Immigration in Canada: | Montazer and Wheaton
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Countries of Origin in a Sample 0f | 886 Families in Toronto
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Countries of Origin in a Sample 0f | 886 Families in Toronto
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Countries of Origin in a Sample 0f | 886 Families in Toronto
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Traditional Approaches to Migration: | Marginal Man vs. Healthy Immigrant
Different$starting$points;$same$end$point
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Traditional Approaches to Migration: | Marginal Man vs. Healthy Immigrant
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Traditional Approaches to Migration: | Marginal Man vs. Healthy Immigrant
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Conditional Adaptation Model
Two$elements$–$ • Differences in mental health trajectories restricted to one group – migrants from low GNP countries of origin • End point may not be convergence in this group. ! GNP$:$Gross$National$Product$an$economic$ development$indicator,$but$also$related$to$social$ conditions,$such$as:$ " Education " Work opportunities " Life expectancy " Status of women " Quality of Life ! Migrants$from$low$GNP$backgrounds$face$a$ larger$“task$of$adjustment”,$thus$more$changes.$
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Conditional Adaptation Model
! The$evolution$of$shared$values,$close$families,$ educational$aspirations,$to…$ ! Experience$in$the$public$social$world,$school$ and$peers$and$work,$leading$to..$ ! More$family$conflict,$decline$in$educational$ performance,$greater$peer$influence,$more$ social$involvement$outside$the$home.$ ! Specific$to$low$GNP$families$because$of$the$ social$and$cultural$distance$to$bridge.
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Conditional Adaptation Model
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Conditional Adaptation Model
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Conditional Adaptation Model
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Generation
“First”:$actually$the$–$ • 1.5: foreign-born, arrive after school starts • 1.75: foreign-born, arrive before school starts. ! Second:$ • Second: native-born with foreign-born parents. • 2.5: native-born, with one foreign-born parent.
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Generation
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Generation
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Trajectories: Externalizing Problems
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Trajectories: Externalizing Problems
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Trajectories: Internalizing Problems
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Trajectories: Internalizing Problems
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Trajectories: Internalizing Problems
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Explaining Patterns…..
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Explaining Patterns…..
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So….
Only$differences$with$the$nativeEborn$exist$in$ the$low$GNP$background$group$ ! Trajectory$does$not$converge$to$majority$ norm.$ ! Main$explanations$–$ • Changes in family life over generation and time in Canada. • Changes in school behavior and expectations
98
So….
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SOC363 (13 decks)

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