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Soci Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the first major hypothesis?

A

commitment to norms and values is the primary source of order in all societies

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2
Q

What is the second major hypothesis?

A

All social phenomena have opposite functions (Consequences) at the same time

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3
Q

what is the third major hypothesis?

A

All societal institutions have positive consequences for the continuation of the class structure. (Remember 2nd hypothesis)

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4
Q

what is the fourth major hypothesis?

A

Social class position is the variable that most significantly influences life chances, opportunity, and role allocation

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5
Q

what is the fifth major hypothesis?

A

A society without deviance is not possible

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6
Q

What is the sixth major hypothesis?

A

commitment is important social norms is relatively weak in the US

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7
Q

Which of the functional prerequisites do religion contribute to solving easier and more difficult?

A

pattern maintenance
integration
tension management
goal attainment

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8
Q

what institutions offer legitimately ideologies?

A

Religion, the criminal justice system, the welfare system, the economy, and the polity

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9
Q

Legitimate ideologies

A

explanations offered by institutions justifying the way things are in our society

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10
Q

What are the 3 ideal types describing the organization of religious activity or practice?

A

A church, a sect, and a cult.

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11
Q

Church

A

economical religious organization w/ an informal organization. flexible doctrine. trained educated clergy. open membership that evolved from sect or cult.

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12
Q

Sect

A

religious organization w/ an informal organization. inflexible doctrine. lay clergy. membership available only to TRUE believers. hostile to other religions. separated from a church when formed.

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13
Q

Cult

A

religious organization. inflexible doctrine. lay clergy. membership available to only TRUE believers. hostile to other religions. developed on his own.

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14
Q

Deviant Behavior

A

is any behavior which calls forth punishment an any motivated departure from a norm. (the punishment is the moment it’s deviant)

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15
Q

What is the major source of order in all societies?

A

commitment to shared norms and values.

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16
Q

What produces commitment to shared norms and values?

A

Socialization and social control

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17
Q

why does commitment to shared norms and values very?

A

variation in life experience

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18
Q

how does commitment to norms and values vary?

A

from high pro to indifferent to high anti

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19
Q

Continuum of commitment to a norm

A

<-high pro, medium pro, low pro, indifferent, low anti, medium anti, high anti->

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20
Q

the latent function of socialization?

A

deviant motivation and deviant behavior

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21
Q

What is called into play when commitment to norms is insufficient to provide order?

A

Social control

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22
Q

What is the manifest function of socialization?

A

commitment to shared norms and values

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23
Q

High to Medium High pro:

A

can in ignore. guilt will usually lead to a cessation of behavior (never violate norms)

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24
Q

Medium pro to low anti:

A

can often counsel effectively
not fully committed.

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25
Medium anti to high anti:
punishment is usually necessary. punishment may not lead to a cessation of deviant behavior.
26
How can we tell when an individual is committed to a norm or value?
He or she does not violate the norm or the value. Or he or she feels guilt as a result of violating the norm or value.
27
What processes are used in social control (and in socialization)?
The process of control are punishment, education or counseling, rewards, and ignoring behavior.
28
What process is most often used?
Ignoring
29
What process is most effective?
The answer depends on the degree of commitment to norms of the individual on whom the strategy is used.
30
What is the danger of almost all people stopping their deviant behavior because they are being rewarded?
Reinforcement of deviant motivation! (what is rewarded is reinforced)
31
What does Mr. Whitehawk think about punishment?
Individuals can be socialized without using punishment but Society cannot exist without punishment
32
Why is punishment necessary?
to create and maintain commitment to norms.
33
What are the consequences of punishment for the person punished?
deviant behavior may be encouraged. Deviant behavior may be inhibited.
34
What is the consequences of identifying and punishing deviants or deviance?
Deviance defines acceptable behavior by highlighting (through punishment) the unacceptable behavior. Deviance provides identity to the nondeviants. Punishing deviance unites people (the punishers) against the deviants.
35
How are formal ceremonies are used to define individuals as deviant?
Trials, commitment hearings, "cop-out ceremonies" are formal ceremonies telling the community that the person is a deviant.
36
What are the consequences for the group that knows of the punishment of others?
Deviant behavior may be inhibited. Commitment to norms maybe increased. Commitment to norms may be created. Behavioral limits may be set. Deviant behavior may be encouraged.
37
What is the phenomenon studied a religion
non-empirical and empirical
38
what is the phenomenon study of science
empirical
39
questions asked about religion
what should be what is good evil?
40
testability of religion
Faith required cannot be disproven
41
questions asked about science
what is it? What can be what is true?
42
testability of science
testing required can be disproven
43
moral pan
A discrepancy or just justice between a perceived, and an actual threat, that when reported in the media generates public support for doing something dramatic about a particular problem
44
examples of moral panic
gang problems were on drugs we’re on terrorism, statism, pornography, school shootings, temperance, and child abuse and day
45
why is deviance inevitable, and all society
because punishment is functionally necessary, and punishment creates deviance
46
what is an example of deviant being situational?
when is cussing appropriate?
47
what is an example of how institutions that were created to do something about deviance actually seem to make it worse
prison is basically a university for crime present teaches inmates how to do crime and why crime is acceptable
48
what is culturally favored goals?
goals deemed worthy of pursuit wealth
49
what is legitimate mean?
method used to pursue the culturally favored goals
50
what does wealth symbolize?
success, happiness, power, and safety
51
social structure
A society class structure and it’s institutions plus values and belief system support, supporting the institution and the class structure
52
institution
A system of status, roles, norms, values, and practices that helps solve one or more of the social problem
53
what are the legitimate means in the US
work, marriage inheritance, and education
54
what is the culturally favored goal in the US?
wealth
55
Who has access to the legitimate means
work… Working middle upper class education… Working middle upper class inheritance… Upper middle and upper class, marriage… Upper middle and upper class
56
what happens if a group of people who have little or no access to legitimate means, but still have high aspirations that is want to pursue culturally favored
they may adapt to the situation through conformity may adapt, deviously to situations through innovation, ritualism, retreat, ism rebellion
57
conformity
continuing to accept the goals, and legitimate means
58
innovation
continuing to accept the goals, but reject legitimate means
59
ritual
rejecting the goals, but accepting the legitimate means
60
retreat, ism
rejecting the goals, and the legitimate means
61
Rebell
rejecting the goals and the means and attempting to substitute new ones
62
what is the characteristically American deviant adaption and what do they value?
innovation
63
why does American admire innovation so much?
we value winning more than playing by the rules, we value wealth more than honor of the behavior
64
what is the result of American vaulting innovation?
commitment to norms this weekend in the United States
65
what aspects of the social structure lead to reduce commitment to norms?
The disparity caused by class between access to legitimate means and aspirations to the culturally favored goal
66
what is anomi
we can commitment to norms produced by the disparities
67
The greater the anomi means
we can commitment to Norm’s produced by the disparity
68
The greater the Ano meanings
less commitment to norms
69
less commitment to Norm’s means
The greater the rate of deviance, and the greater the likelihood of disorder
70
how can Devian e be reduced?
I reducing enemy which can be reduced by reducing the disparity between aspirations and access
71
what models are available to reduce anomi
cast Society and equal opportunity society
72
what is the cast society like?
orderly with low levels of innovation and rebellion deviance to tends to be ritualism and retreat, more stagnant, or staples
73
what is equal opportunity society like?
more productive, more, or less orderly, higher levels of innovation, who are who are the losers in the society
74
how are people allocated to roles in an equal opportunity society?
through achievements performances, leading to higher levels of performances and status anxiety
75
Asxription
rules that assign at birth social class
76
Roll allocation style in the US
achievements in inscription
77
True or false society that permits, unlimited innovation and deviance, cannot maintain order and cannot persist
True
78
True or false our society has created institutions that limit or control innovation
True
79
True or false the most obvious of these limited institutions is the criminal justice system, but the welfare system in the system of modern practice practice are equally.
True
80
what is the most important source of institutionalized patterns of behavior that reduce the likelihood of innovation?
patterns produced by bureaucracy organiz
81
what is bureaucratic
an organization, with hierarchy, arranged departments containing position to occupants, have authority to carry out their specialized duties by virtue of their position, as expressed in written rules, that stress, competence and efficiency
82
why do bureaucracies exist?
because they are most effective method of organizing, large groups of people and pursuit of a common end
83
what makes bureaucracies efficient
The rules that constrain the people who work in them, these rules are ways of eliminating or reducing special circumstances, and usual activities that would reduce efficiency
84
how does bureaucracy limit innovation?
it said the pools that are to be followed, rewards those who follow the rules and denies individuals, differences all in the quest for efficiency
85
what is stratification?
The need for division of labor
86
Karl Marx believed in focused on
social classes, and how capitalist gained wealth
87
how do societies produce
do you need bra, materials, tools, machinery, etc. or marks called forces of product?
88
but are raw materials enough
no, you need knowledge to use his tools and machines and organize they were to make things Mark called these relations of product
89
Bourgeoisie
The owners of the means of production
90
proletariat
those who have only their labor to sell for survival
91
what are some of industrializing nations?
Mexico, Brazil, Venezuela, South Korea, Turkey, and Malaysia
92
most industrialized
USA, Canada, Great Britain, France, Germany, Switzerland, Japan, Australia, and New Zealand
93
least industrialized
almost 100 countries from Costa Rica and Syria Leon
94

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