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SOCI 211 > SOCI 211 Midterm > Flashcards

SOCI 211 Midterm Flashcards

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1
Q

What is sociology

A

It is the scientific study of the social lives of individuals, groups and societies. It helps understand the behaviours, beliefs and feelings around us

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2
Q

Micro sociology

A

Personal concerns, interpersonal concerns (doctor-patient)

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3
Q

Macro sociology

A

large scale social systems

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4
Q

Agency

A

ability to act (free will)

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5
Q

Structure

A

patterned social arrangements that may constrain choices and opportunities

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6
Q

Sociological Imagination

A

personal experiences are powerfully shaped by macro social and historical forces. It also links micro and micro and agency to structure

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7
Q

Research

A

systematic way to gather information

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8
Q

Social science research

A

applying the scientific method to individuals, societies and social processes

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9
Q

Steps to conduct research

A
  1. Identify question
  2. construct hypothesis
  3. gather data
  4. analyze data
  5. draw and report conclusions
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10
Q

Why apply the scientific method

A

To avoid…
biases and incorrect assumptions
Common errors in reasoning and how does research address them
selective observation
overgeneralization
illogical reasoning
resistance to change

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11
Q

The research process

A

Theory
hypothesis
data
empirical findings

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12
Q

Why do we cite

A

Misusing others work/intellectual property
claiming it is yours
to avoid plagiarism
to give credit
to document the intellectual path

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13
Q

What is plagiarism

A

the practice of taking someone else’s work or ideas and passing them off as one’s own

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14
Q

Qualitative methods

A

Ways of collecting data that yield results such as words or pictures
substance

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15
Q

Quantitative methods

A

Ways of collecting data that can be represented by and condensed into numbers
counting

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16
Q

Good sociological questions are…

A

socially important
scientifically relevant
feasible
value free

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17
Q

Descriptive research

A

documents or describes trends, variations and patterns of social phenomena
It explains what, but not how or why
quantitive and qualitative methods

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18
Q

Exploratory Research

A

how particular processes and dynamics
qualitative methods

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19
Q

Explanatory research

A

answers why
comparison/differences-> casualty
often motivated by descriptive/exploratory research

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20
Q

Booth, Colomb and William’s approach

A

focuses on the process of identifying research questions

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21
Q

Identifying a research question

A

pick up a topic
turn a topic into a question
identify the significance
(answer the so what)

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22
Q

Research question example

A

I want to learn…
Because I want to help my leader understand…
In order to…

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23
Q

Cross-sectional

A

one point in time

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24
Q

Repeated cross-sectional

A

same study administered to a new sample of interviewees at successive time points, every 5 years…

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25
Panel
cohort study involves the collection of data over time from a baseline sample of respondents
26
Unit of analysis
states cities neighbourhoods individuals refers to the level of social life about which we want to generalize what you want to generalize will determine what your unit of analysis is going to be
27
Ecology fallacy
making conclusions of the wrong unit of analysis for example: study of neighborhoods but you talked about people
28
Unit of analysis again
what is being studied the things we examine or compare the analysis you do in your study determines what the unit is must be multiple of whatever you are studying can be different from unit of observation
29
Boys who play sports do better in school than boys who do not play sports
unit of analysis: boys unit of observation: boys
30
Neighborhoods with high unemployment rates have higher rates of crime
unit of analysis: neighborhoods unit of observation: individuals
31
Members of environmental groups are arrested more than abortion activists
unit of analysis: individuals unit of observation: individuals
32
Black gangs are involved in dense networks, whereas the hispanic gangs are in a star-like network with latin kings in the centre
unit of analysis: gangs unit of observation: individuals (gang members)
33
Core aspects of social research
Basic (pure science) vs. applied (applied science)
34
Theory
logically interrelated set of propositions use to guide your research helps you connect your specific question to larger sociological issues helps identify important questions
35
(t)heory
set of logical propositions sequential arguments series of logically related statements part of all (good) social research
36
(T)heory
e.g. critical race Theory particular set of statements frameworks widely known (Marx, conflict theory)
37
Relations among concepts within a theory
positive relation -> same up or down negative relation -> more of one, less than other mediation-> linking concept moderation-> conditioning concept spuriousness-> confounding variable ( both caused by something else) reverse causation/ reciprocal relationship-> concept 2 causes concept 1
38
Inductive
builds theory observe patterns and build up to an explanation an analysis finds married people are healthier and the develops a theory
39
Deductive
test theory create an argument to organize and guide empirical activities a sociologist reads Durkheim's readings/theories and designs a study to test it
40
Logic systems (deductive)
theory hypothesis observations confirmation
41
Inductive
theory tentative hypothesis pattern observation
42
From a topic to data
Broad concept/topic well defined concept variable attributes
43
Why ethics
previous unethical research strict guidelines for conducting research current unethical research
44
Core ethical principles
very different between Canada and US but many of the core are the same
45
US principles of the Belmont report
respect beneficence (responsibility to do good, minimize the justice (fair)
46
Canada
respect for persons (consent, autonomy) concern for welfare (quality of the research process) Justice (impact of research and their health)
47
Ethical considerations
study design/research question study recruitment study implementation
48
Supporting more ethical research
ethical boards for review informed consent data management strategies limiting conflicts of interest
49
Hypothesis
formal: critical step in deductive process informal/tentative: critical step in the inductive process it is a specific expectation or prediction proposes a relationship between 2 or more variables (include direction of association) most framed as if...then
50
Hypothesis- continued
can never be proven only disproven casual: implied about associations
51
From research questions to hypothesis
conceptualization (broad concepts are defined) specify relationship (difference/association)
52
Conceptualization
the process of specifying what we mean by a term
53
Deductive research
move from abstract or idea to specific variables in a hypothesis
54
Inductive research
used to make sense of related observations
55
Operationalization
each concept must be measured independently measure your concept with variables
56
Variables
a characteristic or property that can vary
57
Independent variable
a variable that is hypothesized to cause/lead to/ be associated with variation in another variable
58
Dependent variable
a variable that is hypothesized to vary depending on, or under the influence of another variable
59
Attributes (indicators of variables)
Exhaustive: every unit must fit somewhere necessary condition Mutually exclusive: every unit of measurement must only fit in one place and it is not always necessary
60
Nominal
categorical name of something not ordered in anyway (gender, sex, race)
61
ordinal
can rank-order strongly agree... disagree
62
Interval
rank with order equal distance between attributes IQ, temperaturesR
63
Ratio
qualities of nominal, ordinal, interval plus has a true zero value (age, years you lived in mtl)
64
treatment vs. control group
tool for ensuring proper study population groups have different values of independent variable/concept
65
Women in married-couple households are expected to spend more time doing housework than women in any other living situation
treatment: women in married couple household control: women in other living situations Independent: woman's living situation dependent: time doing household wokr
66
If school resources are greater, then student outcomes would be better
treatment: schools with a lot of resources control: schools with not a lot of resources dependent: student outcomes independent: school resources
67
Schools with a higher proportion of teachers holding masters degrees have greater graduation rates
unit of analysis: schools unit of observation: individuals (teachers and students in the schools)
68
5 criteria for establishing causality
1. correlation/ association 2. Time order 3. Spuriousness 4. Casual mechanisms 5. casual context
69
casual context
a step in identifying causality is assessing/describing the conditions under which the relationship holds
70
Correlation
there is a relationship between y and x a systematic relationship between the 2 variables
71
Time order
x: drinking on Friday-> y: exam grade on monday vs. x: final exam grades-> driving over winter break
72
Non-spuriousness
is there something else causing this correlation
73
spuriousness
when two or more events or variables are associated but not causally related, due to either coincidence or the presence of a certain third, unseen factor (z-variable)
74
Reflexivity
the examination of one's own beliefs, judgments and practices during the research process and how these may have influenced the research.
75
subjectivity
how someone's judgment is shaped by personal opinions and feelings instead of outside influences
76

SOCI 211 (1 decks)

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