Soci 250 Final Flashcards
(130 cards)
1
Q
Suffrage Movement (C, 4)
A
1st Wave Early feminist movement
Central aim: Right to vote
- With this other social goals (social reform, legal rights, etc.) = more attainable
2
Q
Sexism (C, 4)
A
Discrimination and derogatory attitudes and beliefs that promote stereotyping of people based on gender
3
Q
Who is more likely to commit/be victimized for violent crimes (Tr, 4)
A
Men
- More likely to have violent jobs
- Die 5 yrs earlier
4
Q
Who is more likely to do housework (C, 4)
A
Women, gen X
5
Q
Willen & Montgomery (Sc, 4)
A
Catch 22 of marriage: Less happy after baby
6
Q
Percent of employed = women, 1976-2007 (Tr, 4)
A
almost 40% to almost 50%
7
Q
Glass ceiling (C, 4)
A
Women can have considerable success but can rarely reach and enter the top most positions
8
Q
Structural functional theory of gender
A
- Elements in society = interrelated
- Inequality rewards effectiveness and efficiency (division of labour)
- Inequality based on value consensus
- Inequality stems from effective household arrangement, failed to develop w the times
9
Q
Conflict Theory (Marxist) theory of gender
A
- Gender inequality comes from struggle for economic + social power
- Capitalists benefit
- Forces women to support workforce w/o [ay
10
Q
Symbolic interactionism theory of gender
A
- Socialization + labelling shapes gender identities
- Most variations between M + W are cultural and learned
- Gendered self develops w gradual socialization - Women learn to do women jobs and see themselves as suited
- Media, religion, language help maintain differences
- Double standards = normal
11
Q
Feminist theory of gender
A
- Gender inequality = universal
- Favours men
12
Q
Women vs men sexual offences (Tr, 4)
A
Women 11x more likely to be victims
13
Q
Men vs women for who kills (Tr, 4)
A
Men = stranger Women = intimate partner
14
Q
Homicide rates for spouses (Tr, 4)
A
Fallen from 0.9 to 0.3
15
Q
People w lower education and income (Tr, 4)
A
Not more violent than others
16
Q
Sokoloff and Dupont (Sc, 4)
A
Domestic violence:
- Multicultural approach support use of culturally competent services for victims and perpetrators
17
Q
Beagan (Sc, 4)
A
Role of women and the food they buy for family health
18
Q
Percent of Canadians w gambling addiction (St, 8)
A
2% (17% have substance abuse, 67% smokers)
19
Q
Men vs. women for substance dependance (Tr, 8)
A
Men are almost 3x more likely
20
Q
Cancer deaths in Ontario (St, 8)
A
1/4 tobacco
21
Q
Money going to mental illness and addictions in ON economy (St, 8)
A
$34 b
22
Q
Medicalization (C, 8)
A
The process through which behaviours are reconciled as instances of illness, not sinful, outside of personal control
23
Q
Uni degree vs. less than high school drinkers (St, 8)
A
25 vs. 25%
24
Q
Structural functionalism theory of addiction
A
- Abuse result from social structures influence on people
- Common as serves social functions
- Social disorganization theory
- Merton’s strain theory
25
Social disorganization theory of addiction
- Institutions that discourage deviant behaviour are less effective w rapid social change
- Breakdown in community norms = no sense of meaning and moral guidance
- Relearning/establishing institutions can reduce abuse
26
Merton's Strain Theory (Anomie) of addiction
- Abuse = result of incongruence between culturally defined goals and approved means of attaining
- One adaptation to gap is to abandon efforts to achieve goals, escape
27
Historical construction of alcoholism (O, 8)
Alcoholics and families resist medicalization
28
Solutions of addiction (O, 8)
- Legalize drugs
| - Canada -- $245 m over 4 yrs to control drugs
29
Prohibition vs. decriminalization (O, 8)
- Prohibition produces a large profitable criminal industry
| - Decriminalization of weed = decrease costs of enforcement and prosecution, no rate of increase
30
Nobel prize men vs women
545 out of 557 Nobel prizes for science have gone to men
31
women who say country hasn't gone far enough when it comes to gender
6/10 women
32
ratio of people who say men have it easier and site pay gap
4/10
33
Male chauvinism
Attitudes and actions through which individual males display their sense of superiority over women
- Tend to reduce women to servants catering to the emotional needs of men
eg. bitch, chick, fox
"double shift"
34
Institutional sexism
The subordination of women built into societal institutions.
35
Durkheim functionalism perspective
- division of labour in society
| - Interdependence contributed to social stability and integration
36
Marx conflict theory
- Saw labour as the principle means by which the
| - Work under capitalist system destabilizes society cause it doesn't allow people to realize true productive potential
37
What does Durkheim say about automation
social disintegration
38
Trends in changing structure of work
- Shift from agricultural society to industrial society, deindustrialize
- Increase in bureaucratization
- Rise in contingency work
- Globalization
- Later retirement
- 3.5 yrs more
- 15 weeks paid maternity
39
Canadian unemployment
5.5%
40
Highest unemployment 15-24 and 25+
Portugal
| Filipino
41
Highest and lowest unemployment minorities
arabs highest
| filipino least
42
Harvard stats
```
50% white
23% asian
15% black
12% latino
- Based only on academics 43% asian
```
43
Assumptions of Beccaria's theory
- Human beings are rational actors
| - The state is responsible for maintaining order and preserving the common good through a system of laws
44
Classical school of crime
Beccaria's criminal justice - rank order created for punishments
45
Modern classicism crime
- Specific deterrence: severity of punishment is no more effective than less severe
- General deterrence: not supported
46
Somatotyping
Sheldon (3 basic body types)
47
Robert Gordon
concluded IQ definitely related to delinquency, genetics not environment behind racial differences
- Each additional kid has 3-5 points lower
48
Strain theory
Assumes that people are law-abiding but when under pressure will resort to crime.
- Disparity between goals and means is the source of the pressure to commit crime
- Merton - social structure makes same goals for all people but not all have equal means to aquire ends
49
Modes of adaptation
```
Conformity
Innovation
Ritualism
Retreatism
Rebellion
```
50
Control theory (social bond)
Assumes deliquent acts will result when one’s bond/ connection to society = weak/brokem
- Hirschi - not motivational, just lack of control
- Attachment to to thers
- commitment to law
- Involvment in conventional activities
- Belief in social norms
51
Self control theory
- Gottfredson and Hirschi
| - Self control instilled by parents, poor = crime
52
Labelling crime
- no act = criminal
- laws made for more powerful
- cj perpetrate problems
- stigmatization
53
Most crimes
Assaults, property (petty theft), Saskatchewan = highest
| - Most assault = physical force
54
Likelihood of being murdered in US and why
US 6-10 times more likely to be murdered
| - Profusion of guns: 25% house has gun, 7/10 murders
55
Anderson
"code of street", nerve
56
Age-crime curve
In the absence of genius will go crime route
| - All to find best reproductive partner- I have girl, goal achieved
57
Percent of people who smoke 1965, 1999, now
50%, 35%, 18%
58
CO2 emissions from cars and meat/dairy
15% cars, 18% meat/dairy
59
Sea level change expected by 2100
1-4 feet
60
Coal stats
China uses most
| - Britain & Canada aim to phase it out but are 3% only
61
Fertility rate, highest and lowest, replacement
Average fertility rate: 2.6/woman
- Germany = lowest, 1.4
- Mali highest = 7.3
- Replacement: 2.1
62
Lowest life expectancy
Zambia, 38
63
Number of people in Europe, percent of pop developed countries
Europe: 730 million
| 17% pop in developed countries
64
Malthusian position
Pop grows faster than our capacity to produce food
real risk of pop outgrowing food supply
- positive checks: prevent overpopulation by increasing death rate
- preventative checks: limit number live births
65
Cornucopian view
more people = more ingenuity to solve problems
66
Percent of people in 2008 living in urban area
50%
67
Capitalism
Economic system in which private individuals/corporate groups own means of production and distribution
- Invest capital to produce goods
- Competitive free market
68
Socialism
Favours public ownership
| - Invest in public capital
69
Industrial revolution
Driven by the great number of non farm workers and technological developments
- Increased complexity of market and laid foundation for capitalist system
- Machines replaced people
- Cities grew as people seek work in factory towns
70
Postindustrialism
Shift from a manufacturing intensive economy to economy based on services and information
71
Structural functionalist perspective of work
- Work basic human need, everyone profits
| - Provides basis of social interaction, solidarity, cohesion
72
Conflict perspective of work
- Capitalists benefit from current organization of work
- Globalization produces jobs
- Work = place of repression
- Unemployed depress wages & provide reserve army of labour
73
Symbolic interactionism perspective of work
- Work provides a major part of our identity, labels
| - Chronic unemployment = learned trait, culture of poverty perpetuates learned helplessness
74
Percent of sex workers in Canada under 18
10-15% under 18
75
Convention 182
Law to end all work that is likely to harm the health safety of morals of children
76
Workplace deaths in 1998 to 2011
798 to 919
77
Percent of workers injured in 2010
1.5% workers got injured in 2010
78
Solutions of unemployment
Unemployment interventions
Improve workplace health and safety
Job satisfaction:
- Extrinsic (money, prestige) and intrinsic (job well done) rewards
79
Segmented labour market theory
The labour market is stratified and entry and upward mobility are difficult for people with lower education -- exclusion and segmentation
80
Human capital theory
There is a linear relation between education and job attainment
81
Primary vs secondary labour market
High paying jobs that provide good chances to get ahead vs. high turnover low paying unstable jobs
82
Debt w graduation
Average of $28,000
83
Coleman report
Evaluated educational programs in highly systematic way- unequal academic opportunities and outcomes
- changes made don't do much
- Not true, i.e. school organization, class size, teaching methods
84
Johnson
Showed how non-economic factors account for students school performance
- Biggest difference is "good school", teachers care, etc.
85
Structural functionalism perspective of school
- Function of schooling is to give people the human capital society needs for economic growth
- Schools socialize people for work world
86
Symbolic interactionism perspective of school
- Schools help people develop identities
| - School important for discouraging disadvantaged
87
Credentialism
A process of social selection that gives class advantage and social status to people who possess academic advantage
88
Credential inflation
People are getting overeducated (Collins), increased labour-market competition results in more workers acquiring more credentials
- In response employers raise required credentials
89
Dorn, Bowen, Blau
Dropout theories: students not smart enough
Pullout theory: Class-based, financial reasons
Pushout: Little encouragement, school's fault
90
Dropout rate fall male vs female
Male: 10%
Female: 8%
91
Solutions to Educational social problems
- Teacher quality (narrows average attainment gap w socio economic status)
92
Drop in crime
- Drop of 28%
93
Drop in break ins
- 40% less
94
Percent of homicide victims and charged that are men
- 67% victims
| - 88% men
95
person accused of homicide male vs. female
male- acquaintances
| female- family
96
Victimization increase factors
- Vulnerability
- Gratifiability
- Antagonism
97
Structural functionalism perspective of crime
- Crime is normal, universal, unavoidable
- social disorganization
- Social bond theory
- Anomie theory
- Subculture theory
- conflict theory
98
Symbolic interactionism perspective of crime
- Social constructionsim
| - Labelling theory
99
Social disorganization theory of crime
- Breakdown social norms & rapid social change = crime
- Disorganization = loss cohesion = crime
- exposure to violence = more likely
100
Social bond theory of crime
- Hirschi - bond in childhood = prevent temptation of crime
- explains why people abstain from crime
- The four elements of social bond theory
101
Subculture theory of crime
- Violence to defend honour
102
Conflict theory of crime
- Inequalities = reason for crime
| - laws and dominant ideology protect white collar crimes
103
Anomie theory of crime
- Merton, anomie and strain arise when unequal social opportunities prevent some people from achieving culturally defined goals by legitimate means
- innovation
- assumes same values
104
Highest percent of aboriginal youth in jail
- Northwest territories
- Yukon
- Manitoba
105
Lutz, Sanderson, Scherbov
Negative connection between fertility and population density
106
2 different effects of population pressure on rural economies
- Pressure on existing households to feed and house a growing number of children
- Increased demand on economy for more jobs
- both low= extend agriculture
- both high= develop and intensify agriculture
107
Goode
- Family systems resist change but changes do occur
- global trend to nuclear family
- not direct result of industrialization
108
Urban problems
1. Unemployment
2. Waste disposal
3. Poverty
109
Gemeinschaft (Tonnies)
Social situations in which those involved treat one another as ends rather than means
- Primary relationships based on sentiment found in rural life
- Dense networks, elite, intimacy
- Lost with rural to city life
110
Gesellschaft (Tonnies)
Social situations in which those involved treat one another as means rather than ends
- Secondary relationships based on calculation and individual interest
- impersonal brief relationships
- In cities
111
Suburbanization
Process of housing spreading into rural regions
- Expands geographic size of cities and takes out production of agriculture
- Shifting of affluent out of urban centres and into these areas
112
Authier
Contemporary city neighbourhood does not unify or hold disadvantage, only geographic unit that produces socially and spatially differentiated experiences
113
Powdthavee
Shadow pricing
- Estimates monetary value of life satisfaction gained by increase in frequency of interaction with friends relatives and neighbours
- social involvements worth more than income rises
114
Structural functionalism theory of population
- Includes Malthus theory
- Demographic transition argues high fertility rates decline to establish new level of population equalibrium
0 Too rapid urban growth = disorganization
115
Symbolic interactionism theory of population
- Cities contain distinct subcultures
| - We have to learn how to live in cities w urban etiquette
116
Gentrification
```
The restoration and upgrading of deteriorated urban property by middle class or affluent people
- Results in displacement of lower income people
```
117
Number of people in areas that lack water supply
2.3 b people
118
Environmental kuznets curve
Inverse U shape, environmental degradation on y axis
| - Capita income on x axis
119
Structural functionalism perspective of environment
- Environment problems result naturally from pop. growth, density, and specialization
- Cultural ideologies support ecologically harmful practices (e.g. materialism and growth ethic emphasize and encourage discarding old)
120
Conflict theory perspective of environment
- Environmental problems negatively affect ht poor more often and more severely
- Solution is redistribution of wealth, collective action of underclass needed
- e.g. cornucopian view of nature - nature = endless store house for humans
- e.g. growth ethic - economic growth is good no matter consequences
- e.g. individualism - forefronts personal goals and desires over collectif interests, opposite = tragedy of commons
121
Feminist theory perspective of environment
- Ecofeminism links destruction of environment and male-centric political and corporate worlds
- Domination over women and nature leads to inequality and degradation
122
Tragedy of commons
Market system based on capitalist belief that economies work best when left alone
- with self interested acts it may work against common good
123
Greenwashing
Promoting false ideas about the environment friendliness of certain commercial products
- part of symbolic interactionism
124
Air quality decrease form 2000 to 2010 in US
11% decrease
125
How much has the antarctic ozone hole shrunk from 2003 to 2004
20%
126
September arctic sea ice loss percent per decade
-12% per decade
| Antarctica loses more than 100 km cubed per year
127
Canada's per capita water consumption percent above OECD average
65% above
128
Percent of ill preventible ill health in world from poor environmental quality
25%
129
Risk society
Society in which risk is increased by tech and economic developments
- Raises need for conscious awareness
- active risk taking considered a core element of economic and social progress
130
Types of voluntary simplicity environment
Downshifters: consumption only moderately reduced
Strong simplification: Significant reduction in consumerism
Holistic simplification: People change entire lifestyle to ensure smaller global footprint
