SOCI 301 Final

Question 1

Millennium Development Goals (MDGs)

Answer 1

Dedicated to addressing challenges of the new century, including:

• Persistent poverty
• Pandemic disease
• Environmental damage
• Gender inequality
• Southern debt

Question 2

Two organizations playing central role in global governance

Answer 2

The World Bank and the International Monetary Fund (IMF)

Question 3

What are HIPCs?

Answer 3

Heavily Indebted Poor Countries, initiative created in 1996 to provide assistance to countries with unsustainable debt burdens

Question 4

Poverty Reduction Strategy Papers (PRSPs)

Answer 4

Compiled as performances in order to meet the charge that imposing conditions is undemocratic, IFIs insist that other stakeholders vs. just the government are involved in writing the plans

**form of crisis management

Question 5

TPNs

Answer 5

Transnational Policy Networks

Question 6

What is the central impact of the neoliberal globalization project?

Answer 6

Poverty governance enhances institutional legitimacy at the same time as it subjects societies to market calculus and erodes social contract

Question 7

Outsourcing

Answer 7

Relocates production of goods and services as a cost-reduction strategy and a means to increase operational flexibility of an organization

Question 8

Why has outsourcing become significant?

Answer 8

1. Hypermobility of capital in an era of deregulation and expanding access to cheap and flexible labour
2. The privatization of states

Question 9

Why do governments choose to outsource?

Answer 9

To decrease public expenditure and/or to privilege the private sector

Question 10

3 characteristic effects brought about by neoliberal policies:

Answer 10

1. Access to health care for the poor shrinks while investments grow
2. Outsourcing and cutbacks in the public sector budgets decrease preventative programs – allow banished diseases to resurface
3. After profiting through privatization of public health care systems, the managed care organizations and insurance companies move on when profit margins falls

Question 11

Global division of labour

Answer 11

The subdivision of forms of labour in manufacturing perishable agricultural commodities, high and low-end services through the outsourcing of jobs

Question 12

What is the “great-turnaround”?

Answer 12

The reversal of patterns of migration:

• Southern European states formerly supplied migrant labour to industrialized centres of northern Europe BUT now southern-Europe is the destination for inflows of North African migrant labour

Question 13

Why is migrant labour precarious?

Answer 13

• Issues of documentation
• Exploitation
• Racism
• Sexism
• Employment uncertainty
• Separation from family and community

Question 14

Peter Evans: “Reverse Whipsawing”

Answer 14

Solidarity networks allow stronger labour organizations to champion the rights of weaker ones as pushback against exploitative firms

Question 15

Transnational Information Exchange (TIE)

Answer 15

Forged networks of labour organizations across the world based on the global commodity chain

Question 16

Fair Trade

Answer 16

A method of transcending abuses in the free trade system and rendering more visible the conditions of production of globally traded commodities to establish just prices, environmentally-sound practices, healthy consumption and a direct understanding between producers and consumers of their respective needs

Question 17

Producing fairtrade communities must:

Answer 17

1. Undergo certification
2. Require democratic representation of producers and/or workers
3. Have labour conditions upholding basic ILO conventions regarding labour rights

Question 18

Forms of displacement:

Answer 18

• SAP-mandated dismantling of ISI sectors and the privatization of public enterprise
• Forced resettlement by infrastructural projects
• Civil wars
• Destabilization of rural communities by market forces

Question 19

Displacement of love

Answer 19

Feminization and export of care workers from the South to care for children of women in the North

Question 20

Consequences of the displacement of love

Answer 20

Migrant women work as global nannies at a considerable emotional cost to their own children who are in turn cared for by relatives or teenage girls at home

Question 21

Informalization

Answer 21

People working on the fringes of the market, performing casual and unregulated labour, working on cooperative arrangements, street vending, or pursuing what are deemed illegal economic activities

Question 22

Formal vs. informal economy

Answer 22

Formal economy: legal/moral connotations

Informal economy: illegal/immoral connotations

Question 23

2 related domains of the informal economy:

Answer 23

1. Forms of social reproduction complementing production

2. Informal “productive” activity off the books

Question 24

The Fast-World Elite

Answer 24

Professional and managerial classes who participate in global circuits that link enclaves of producers/consumers across state borders

Question 25

2 related aspects of the process of informalization:

Answer 25

1. The casualization of labour via corporate restructuring

2. New forms of individual and collective livelihood strategies

Question 26

Recolonization

Answer 26

Restoring a colonial divison of labour at the expense of coherent national institutions and societies

Question 27

Land-grabbing

Answer 27

Investors and companies and states acquire land for profit and/or access to food and fuel supplies

Question 28

Countermovements

Answer 28

Social movements that challenge/resist the dominant paradigm

Question 29

Swidden Agriculture

Answer 29

Land clearing for farming, followed by periods of fallow and renewal of grassland or forest land

Question 30

Environmentalism

Answer 30

Challenges the artificial separation of the social from the natural world in the development enterprise

Question 31

Ecological accounting

Answer 31

Approximate the real social and ecological costs of repairing/restoring a natural world subjected to industrial agriculture, mining, and the absorption of waste and greenhouse gases

Question 32

2 forms of environmentalism:

Answer 32

1. Active resistance seeking to curb the invasion of habitats by states and markets
2. Adaptation – renewing habitats in the face of environmental deterioration

Question 33

Challenges for environmental movements in the south:

Answer 33

• To create alternatives to the capital- and energy-intensive forms of specialized agriculture and agroforestry appropriate to the goal of restoring and sustaining local ecologies
• To build alternative models to the bureaucratic, topdown development plans that have typically subordinated natural resource use to commercial vs. sustainable social ends

Question 34

3 feminist threads that weave an alternative development agenda:

Answer 34

1. Assigning equal value to productive work
2. Valuing the work of social reproduction
3. Reorienting social values from economism to humanism

Question 35

Women in Development (WID)

Answer 35

Focus on extending existing development programs to include women - especially regarding equality in employment and education, political participation, and health services

**Advocates what development needs from women

Question 36

Gender and Development (GAD)

Answer 36

Goal includes involving women as decision-makers concerned with empowering all women in their various life-situations and championing opposition to all forms of gender discrimination, refocuses on the different development priorities and needs of women and men without segregating gender issues into different projects

Question 37

Enabling equal education for women may:

Answer 37

1. Reduce patriarchal practices of marrying daughters off once they reach puberty
2. Associating status with large families
3. Selling farm girls to contractors for factory work or the sex trade

Question 38

Food sovereignty

Answer 38

Community self-determination in producing and consuming food equitably and sustainably

Question 39

Precariat

Answer 39

The tenuous condition of a class of unemployed or casually employed workers, generated by rural dispossession, structural unemployment and outsourcing of jobs

Question 40

3 tasks of microfinance:

Answer 40

1. Providing credit to the poor as an entrepreneurial “leg up”
2. Deepening market relations
3. Enlarging financial opportunity in the form of legitimacy repair