SOCI Midterm Flashcards

Question

Research method: Survey

Answer 1

- gathering info about unobservable qualities - ie. values/beliefs - useful for descriptive + explanatory research - quantitative or qualitative data

Answer 2

Pros - can survey large populations - in depth responses Cons - time consuming (carefully prepared questions) + expensive - may yield low return rate

Answer 3

- study of people in a natural setting (exploratory + descriptive) - qualitative data

Answer 4

Pros - Inexpensive - study of natural behavior Cons - Time consuming - replication of research difficult - must maintain balance of participant + observer roles

Answer 5

- Exploratory, descriptive or explanatory research whenever suitable data are available

Answer 6

Pros - saves time + expense of collecting data - allows for historical research Cons - no control over biases in data - data may not fit all research needs

Answer 7

Industrial/scientific revolution 1750-1850 (creation of more jobs) also victorian era 1830-1900

Answer 8

- personally orientated - long term - end in themselves (something that one does because one wants to and not because it will help accomplish something else)

Answer 9

- goal orientated - variable (short term) - means to an end - narrow range of activities performed - ie. co-workers

Answer 10

Instrumental + Expressive

Answer 11

making goals, completing tasks

Answer 12

Minimizing conflict, raising morale

Answer 13

Authoritarian, Democratic, Laissez faire

Answer 14

- making decisions individually - make sure everyone obeys rules

Answer 15

- inclusive of all ideas + perspectives

Answer 16

- group of passionate, smart + independent workers - self directed work

Answer 17

Utilitarian, normative, coercive

Answer 18

One that pays people for efforts

Answer 19

one joined voluntarily to pursue a worthwhile goal - popular among wealthy, left leaning, young homies

Answer 20

One joined involuntarily for a change in behavior

Answer 21

Organizational model designed to perform tasks efficiently

Answer 22

1. Specialization 2. Hierarchy of positions 3. rules + regulations 4. (hiring based on) technical competence 5. impersonality 6. formal communication

Answer 23

1. Alienation - reduction of clients + workers to small cog in ceaselessly moving system 2. Inefficiency + ritualism - unresponsive, inaccessibility - Bureaucratic ritualism - focusing on rules but it undermines goals of organization 3. Inertia - Organization taking life of its own beyond original objectives 4. Oligarchy - rule of the many by the few (those in power to abuse power)

Answer 24

1. Decline of traditional communities 2. expansion of personal choice 3. increasing social diversity 4. Orientation towards future 5. Increasing awareness of time

Answer 25

Loss of Community (living among strangers) - Gemeinschaft (community): United in spite of separating factors - Gesellschaft (association on basis of self-interest): Separated in spite of uniting factors - Industrial Revolution weakened social fabric of family/tradition (efficiency, facts and money) - Tonnies born post S/I revolution

Answer 26

- Division of Labor - increase in job specialization - Mechanical solidarity (doing the same work, belonging together) - Organic solidarity (dependency b/w people in specialized work) - Modern society is “organic” + traditional societies societies are “mechanical” because they are so regimented - Modernization being a change from (not loss of) community based on bonds of like-ness to community based on economic interdependence (labor)

Answer 27

- Rationalization - Rational thinking gets in way of asking questions abt human existence - tradition acts as brake on social change - Modern people have little respect for the past, find truth in rational calculation - Regulations (ie from bureaucracy) to create human disconnection - Modern society as an iron cage of bureaucracy

Answer 28

- Capitalism (all claims being triggered by + occurring within it) - Tonnies - Capitalism draws population away from farms to cities - Durkehim - specialization needed for efficient factories - Weber - retionality seen in capitalist pursuit of profit -Egalitarian socialist society - no social classes or explotation - creativity, community + human freedom - Capitalism puts some people on top + promotes exploitation and destroys creativity - Utopian communism

Answer 29

1685-1815 1. Economic - factories/mass production (increase of jobs) 2. Urban growth 3. Political change 4. New thinking - inequality isn't natural - human rights - society as a thing that can be studied - less importance of religion (running society based on rules + empirically based ideas) - birth of bureaucracy (centralizing governmental power)

Answer 30

- Industrial revolution - pro abolition + women's suffrage - development of social welfare policies (free education, healthcare, minimum wage)

Answer 31

C Wright Mills

Answer 32

August Comte - sociology meaning the science of society

Answer 33

1. Traditional - Women wants to identify with home activities and wants husband to identify with work activities 2. Egalitarian - Equal power + orientation to home and careers 3. Transitional - Woman wants to identify with home + work but wants husband to base more identity in work than her

Answer 34

- based on marriage - education opportunities only given to men (therefore breadwinner) - women --> child rearing - 1 or 2 parents and children - smaller growth in extended families (don't need to live with grandma) - monogamy - privatisation of home with increase of factories - as the cultural standard yikes - isn't universal or natural - family form related to dominant economic + cultural beliefs of the time

Answer 35

marriage in same social category

Answer 36

marriage between different social categories - builds alliances, encourages spread/connection of culture

Answer 37

marriage of 2 partners

Answer 38

marriage between more than 2 spouses

Answer 39

1 man 2 or more women in marriage - may increase the number of single males who can’t find wives which may lead to potentially bigger social problems (ie. sexual assault)

Answer 40

1 woman 2 or more men in marriage - Mountainous tibet where agriculture is difficult and division of land according to monogamous marriages would mean too small parcels of land to support a family

Answer 41

Married couple lives with/near husbands family

Answer 42

Couple lives with/near wifes family - north american iroquois

Answer 43

couple lives apart from both sets of parents

Answer 44

system used to trace kinship over generations

Answer 45

Tracing kinship through men

Answer 46

tracing kinship through women

Answer 47

tracing kinship through men + women

Answer 48

Family as backbone of society (performing many vital tasks) - socialization/child rearing - regulation of sexual activity (incest laws) - Social placement (maintains social organization) - Emotional + material security

Answer 49

higher odds of damage + little genetic diversity for within family repr. - confuses kinship ties Law: - limits sexual competition in families - ties larger society together

Answer 50

- family perpetuates social inequality (handing down wealth from gen to gen) - property and inheritance (men reproducing class structure, obtaining heirs, concentrating wealth) - patriarchy (controlling women's sexuality to obtain heirs, women responsible for child rearing + housework) - race + ethnicity persist because people marry others like themselves

Answer 51

- micro level - intimacy (sharing fear) - building bonds + trust through sharing activities - reality of family life made in their interactions

Answer 52

- micro level - courtship + marriage as forms of negotiation (bringing together or people who offer same level of advantages) - shopping around to make best deal

Answer 53

Alliances between 2 families fo similar social status - exchange of wealth (+ children) - younger the bride, smaller the dowry paid to grooms family + no question about virginity (raising value on marriage market) - children raised to be culturally compatible - lower divorce rates (than canada where marriage is more based on love rather than cultural traditions/social + economic considerations

Answer 54

Marriage between people with same social characteristics

Answer 55

Industrial revolution - pre industrialization kids were an asset + payed off because they provided labour

Answer 56

Smaller - women have more alternatives to being a mom - better sex education

Answer 57

kids who fend for themselves after school

Answer 58

1. greater life expectancy 2. women tend to marry older men

Answer 59

Indigenous kids

Answer 60

- Language policy made kids culturally dislocated (couldn't communicate with family) - abuse/trauma affects ability to parents for survivors

Answer 61

very problematic reference to large houses of visible minority families

Answer 62

Men - live longer + are happier Women - poor mental health, less happy

Answer 63

- Young couples - Unexpected pregnancy - Substance abuse problems - Non-religious people - Children of divorced parents - Non-post-secondary attendees - Places where more social change occurs

Answer 64

- its really easy to do it (legally) - more socially acceptable - stressful (esp with kids) - individualism (emphasis on personal happiness) - women less dependent on men - fading of romantic love

Answer 65

Court ordered child support

Answer 66

1. women were mens property (rape legally impossible within marriage) 2. Domestic violence seen as a private family matter

Answer 67

- abused when they were kids - violent behavior in close relationship is learned

Answer 68

- joining of sperm + egg in a glass (implanted in woman's body) - raises ethical questions

Answer 69

- still high divorce rate - more diverse family life (cohabitation, single parent, queer parents) - weakening child-father ties (higher rate of single motherhood) - increased risk of poverty - economic change (parents + full work schedule, young people not feeling economically secure to marry)

Answer 70

or a stepfamily - partners make a life together with the children from one or both of their previous relationships

Answer 71

living together and having a sexual relationship without being married

Answer 72

Family structure causes discrimination

Answer 73

First female sociologist - society operates according to natural laws (understood through science + education)

Answer 74

pro having kids - wats wrong with you if you dont like

Answer 75

- kids for labour -infant mortality rate (before science could slay)

Answer 76

- privacy and space - buying a nice suburban home (1950)

Answer 77

Economic breadwinners

Answer 78

- marrying young - low divorce rates (though many wanted it) - more kids - single income source - close connections with extended family - increased work for women (alcohol abuse, less servants) - women being depressed after being culturally subordinated after the war - miltown first antidepressants - high teen pregnancy

Answer 79

Easy to inflate numbers

Answer 80

learning to live together as adult kids + parents

Answer 81

Kids say "I'm an adult so I'm not going to do it"

Answer 82

parents say "my house my rules"

Answer 83

Divorce on grounds of Adultery, desertion (husband packs up and leaves), 3 year separation (divorce granted afterwards)

Answer 84

Adultery, desertion, 1 year separation, physical/mental cruelty

Answer 85

Gender line - domestic division of labour harms women (giving them double duty - career + family)

Answer 86

leaving home to go to school + then economic drawbacks resulting in returning back home

Answer 87

lifelong experiences of people that allow them to develop their abilities, interests, learn culture + grow into effective citizens - need social experience to develop personality

Answer 88

Consistent patterns of thinking, feeling and acting - referred to as 'self' or citizen' in sociology (requiring awareness of other populations)

Answer 89

Combines basic needs + influence of society into model of personality with 3 parts - Id, ego + superego - human beings torn by opposing forces of biology + culture - 2 basic human drives: life instinct (bonding) + death instinct (adrenaline junkies) - learning to feel good or bad by judging their behavior against cultural norms

Answer 90

Unconscious basic drives demanding immediate satisfaction - hedonistic

Answer 91

Want you to get what you want in a socially acceptable way (works for id) - appeals to cultural views - conscious efforts to balance pleasure seeking drives with demands of society (balance of id + superego) - we can't have everything we want

Answer 92

tells us why we can't have everything we want - moral conscience (from cultural values + norms internalized due to socialization)

Answer 93

Socialization is combination of biological maturation + social experience - 4 stages - Sensorimotor stage - Preoperational stage - Concrete operational stage - Formal operational stage

Answer 94

1. Sensorimotor stage (first 2 years of life): experiencing only through senses 2. Preoperational stage (2-6): imagination, symbols, language 3. Concrete operational stage (7-11): Seeing connections, understanding how + why things happen 4. Formal operational stage (12): Thinking critically + understanding metaphors (30% of NA don't reach)

Answer 95

Development of how we perceive right and wrong (moral reasoning) - Preconventional level - right is what feels good to me - Conventional level (teen years) - right and wrong in terms of what others - Postconventional level - considering abstract ethical principles

Answer 96

Role of gender in socialization (different standards of rightness) Girls - care + responsibility Boys - justice (rules, logic)

Answer 97

Self - self-awareness/image develops b/c of social experience - Personality not present at birth - Social experience - Finding meaning in actions - Imagining of other’s intentions (taking on role of other) - What we think of ourselves depends on how we think others see us - The I and The Me (I - initiating subject and Me - objective object) - imitation to play to games to recognizing generalized other

Answer 98

Challenges faced at each stage of life Stage 1: Infancy - trust vs mistrust Stage 2: Toddlerhood - autonomy vs doubt + shame Stage 3: Preschool - initiative vs guilt Stage 4: Preadolescence - industriousness vs inferiority Stage 5: Adolescence - gaining identity vs confusion Stage 6: Young adulthood - intimacy vs isolation - Balancing need to bond and need to have separate identity Stage 7: Middle adulthood - making a difference vs self absorption Stage 8: Old age - integrity vs despair (reflecting on life)

Answer 99

- Family - Race, ethnicity + class - School - Peer group (people you have things in common with) - Mass + Social Media

Answer 100

Objects, values, knowledge acquired by members of elite culture

Answer 101

Learning (behaviors) that helps achieve a desired position

Answer 102

False - extended for wealthier class: stretching of adolescence because of post secondary

Answer 103

False - women do this - husbands get more immersed in work

Answer 104

Study of aging/the elderly

Answer 105

Study of aging/the elderly

Answer 106

Seniors over 100 years

Answer 107

Culture shapes how we understand growing old ● Low income countries - old people have respect and influence ● Industrialized countries - more prestige to younger people ○ Corporate executives are getting younger ○ Typically live apart from grown children ○ Ageism ○ Boredom + loss of sense of self-worth

Answer 108

False they are most at risk of poverty

Answer 109

False they are most at risk of poverty

Answer 110

■ Denial (culture tends to ignore reality of death) ■ Anger (sees death as gross injustice) ■ Negotiation (possibility of avoiding death) ■ Resignation (accompanied by psychological depression) ■ Acceptance (making the most out of remaining time)

Answer 111

■ Denial (culture tends to ignore reality of death) ■ Anger (sees death as gross injustice) ■ Negotiation (possibility of avoiding death) ■ Resignation (accompanied by psychological depression) ■ Acceptance (making the most out of remaining time)

Answer 112

Tru dat - legal + financial planning

Answer 113

Category of people with something in common (usually age)

Answer 114

False Millennials grew up in economic uncertainty so less confident about future whereas baby boomers grew up in econ. expansion; optimism

Answer 115

- isolation from rest of society - manipulated by staff - resocialization - radically altering personality by controlling environment - stripping away former identity - involuntary (prison) or voluntary (army/rehab)

Answer 116

- supervision by staff of all aspects of daily life - life is controlled + standardized - rules to dictate performance of routines - dependency on external direction

Answer 117

1. Care of harmless members (retirement homes) 2. Care for the unintended threateners (psychiatric wards) 3. Protection of community against intended threateners (jail) 4. Pursuit of instrumental tasks (boarding schools, army) 5. Pursuit of normative tasks (religious monasteries)

Answer 118

1. Breaking down of existing identity 2. Building of new self (through incentives)

Answer 119

Presentation of self guy

Answer 120

helping someone save face

Answer 121

■ what triggers an emotion ■ rules of display of emotions ■ how we value emotions

Answer 122

suppressing feelings in accordance with organizational rules (flight attendant smiling)

Answer 123

constructing emotions as part of everyday reality

Answer 124

Tru dat ■ Hysterical - emotionally out of control (‘hystera’ meaning uterus) ■ Virtuous - morally worthy (‘vir’ meaning man) ■ Master vs mistress ■ Dame vs Lord

Answer 125

●social construction of reality as people create and contrast two different realities (one conventional, one unconventional) ● contradictions and double meanings

Answer 126

■ Discuss sensitive topic without appearing to be serious (as an excuse if u say smt controversial) ■ Mental escape ● Get back at people in more advantage positions (more POC comedians) ■ Assert our freedom + are never prisoners of reality ■ masking conflict

Answer 127

Study of how biology affects social behavior - stems from biological determinism

Answer 128

Gives - things we say: our verbal signs. Gives off - expression being performed for reasons other than info given (body language)

Answer 129

verbal assertions - easy for individual to manipulate expressions - individual has little control over

Answer 130

false (reverse)

Answer 131

- Impressions must be received with tact exertion - using humour and stories to make embarrassments feel less severe - Maintaining societal cohesion + flow - For a performance to be believed gives and gives off should be even - Conscious and unconscious revealing of information

Answer 132

study of social interaction in terms of theatrical performance

Answer 133

false When an actor takes on an established social role a particular front has already been established for it

Answer 134

ascribed traits

Answer 135

achieved traits

Answer 136

Collective conscience - schools need to train people for life in broader society

Answer 137

formal instruction by specially trained teachings

Answer 138

formal instruction by specially trained teachings

Answer 139

- Socialization (expanded set of values + people) - strong/warm ties (family) + weak/cold ties (other) - Technical Training - Cultural transmission (Work hard, be fair) - Social Integration (get along with others)/placement - Social placement (where do I belong in society)

Answer 140

- teaching kids to read + write - preparation for university life

Answer 141

- daycare - delay entry into workforce - support system for students (socializing venue) - invisible socialization (how to act) - generation gap creation - reproducing existing social class system - extends capitalist order

Answer 142

- Economic cost of raising a girl - provision of dowry, daughters work benefits husbands family (not her’s) - Less reason to invest in schooling of girls

Answer 143

False Highly competitive + brutal examinations (similar to SATs) must be sat through and few can do well

Answer 144

USA ○ Mandatory education laws (attending school until 16 or complete of 8th grade)

Answer 145

● Stress on practical learning - knowledge preparing people for future jobs ○ relevant to life learning

Answer 146

False second half of 19th century

Answer 147

● Province has department of education that determines funding + curriculum guidelines ○ Local level/school boards implement standards

Answer 148

- Recognizes variation of student/teacher behavior - how teachers define students (how students think of themselves) - building of stereotypes - People who expect others to act in certain way encourage that behavior

Answer 149

- social control (hidden curriculum of assimilation) - career hierarchy (separating kids early on) - privilege to personal merit - competition better than cooperation - schooling maintains social inequality - standardized testing - assessments reflect dominant culture - tracking - Standardized tests assign students to different types of educational programs (guess who gets higher tracks)

Answer 150

- Theory of learning - Asking 'why are we taught what we're taught'

Answer 151

subtle presentations or underlying reinforcement of dominant political/cultural ideas in classroom

Answer 152

false 6% do - climbing b/c of growing dissatisfaction with public education quality

Answer 153

false 6% do - climbing b/c of growing dissatisfaction with public education quality

Answer 154

32% - canada at 53%

Answer 155

false she goes up honey

Answer 156

Community college - teaching - students get more attention - teaching of career skills/knowledge University - research

Answer 157

1. get rid of numerical ratings 2. well rounded teachers 3. get rid of rigid schedules/uniformity 4. graduation based on learning not years spent at school 5. increase individual responsibility

Answer 158

1. males 2. LGBTQ 3. Indigenous youth

Answer 159

- rise of the mediocre - jobs requiring higher level of education (credential inflation) - awarding of higher grades for average work - teachers in HS pressured to get students to go to uni (give higher grades)

Answer 160

public schools that are given more freedom to try specific programs

Answer 161

- takes affluent parents out of system - origin: parents wanting to give children strong religious upbringing - now: families don't think public schools are slaying

Answer 162

1. older people 2. people with higher level of education 3. higher class people

Answer 163

false - teacher surplus

Answer 164

- social control in rapidly changing economic order - equalizing opportunity - spreads people evenly to different roles (not based on class)

Answer 165

1. Labouring 2. Learned

Answer 166

- entitlement of kids - want kids to be confident + strong

Answer 167

- learning to stand up for themselves by 4th grade - entitlement to challenge authority

Answer 168

- distrust + constraint - submission to authority figures

Answer 169

Choice - ie. choosing to imitate mom instead of dad

Answer 170

just kinda happens ie. sense of what it means to be older

Answer 171

Give poor equal opportunity to chase their dreams and fly

Answer 172

problematic - social control (know ur place)

Answer 173

Nope Emphasis on speciality - not encouraging of well rounded citizen

Answer 174

- assigning students to different types of programs - Self-fulfilling prophecy (expecting someone to act someway makes them act that way) - reproduction of class structure

Answer 175

- there is a right way to demonstrate knowledge

Answer 176

evaluating people on basis of their certifications

Answer 177

- membership in specific population - social standing - access/barrier to labour market - better impression management (job skills)

Answer 178

○ Why are students rebelling ○ Why is getting a job seen as better than getting an education

Answer 179

1. not to do with resources 2. culture (norms, values) 3. functional illiteracy + innumeracy - stopouts (going back to get GED)

Answer 180

scientific study of human society + social behavior

Answer 181

human created things that pressure people to act in a certain way

Answer 182

organization of a society + people's interaction within

Answer 183

Groups, organizations, social institutions, culture

Answer 184

people you interact with regularly

Answer 185

groups of people working interdependently toward some purpose

Answer 186

Structures of society that fulfill needs of it ie. family

Answer 187

beliefs + traditions of specific people group

Answer 188

1st black person to earn PhD from harvard - encourage black people to resist systems of segregation + discrimination

Answer 189

two behavioral scripts: moving through the world and incorporating external opinions of prejudiced onlookers

Answer 190

- social situations that intentionally break social norms

Answer 191

findings from one group inform us about one thats larger

Answer 192

changes nature of relationship between 2 other variables

Answer 193

explains relationship between two other variables

Answer 194

- non religious people (or protestants who aren't very community oriented) - wealthy people - unmarried - weak social ties (freedom weakens)

Answer 195

false - they inhibit it

Answer 196

false - those with more privilege do this - those are margins quickly see inequality

Answer 197

false - make up smallest - more high income, then middle then low income countries

Answer 198

shift in focus from people’s moral duties to God and king to the pursuit of self-interest.

Answer 199

1. theological stage (beginning to 1350 CE) 2. metaphysical stage 3. scientific stage

Answer 200

people took the religious view that society expressed God’s will

Answer 201

society reflected not the perfection of God so much as the failings of a selfish human nature

Answer 202

- scientific approach—first used to study the physical world—to the study of society - (modern physics, chemistry, sociology)

Answer 203

broad focus on social structures that shape society as a whole (functionalism, conflict)

Answer 204

close up focus on social interaction in specific situations (interactionism)

Answer 205

1. what are major parts of society 2. how are parts linked 3. how is society held together 4. what does each part do to help it work

Answer 206

1. How does society divide a population 2. How do advantaged people protect their privileges 3. how do disadvantaged people challenge the system

Answer 207

1. how do people experience society 2. how do people shape the reality they experience 3. how do behavior + meaning change from person to person and situation to situation

Answer 208

concept whose value changes from case to case

Answer 209

consistency in measurement

Answer 210

actually measuring exactly what was intended

Answer 211

relationship where change in one variable (independent) causes change in another (dependent)

Answer 212

variable that causes the change

Answer 213

variable that changes

Answer 214

apparent but false relationship between variables

Answer 215

(1) variables are correlated, (2) the independent (causal) variable occurs before the dependent variable, and (3) there is no evidence that a third variable has been overlooked, causing a spurious correlation

Answer 216

i wish - mostly highly educated liberal white people

Answer 217

- focus on the male - approaching issue from male perspective

Answer 218

- seeing world from female perspective

Answer 219

- status that has special importance for social identity often shaping a person's entire life

Answer 220

social position that a person holds

Answer 221

behavior expected of someone who holds a particular status

Answer 222

number of roles attached to a single status

Answer 223

tension among roles connected to single status

Answer 224

study of the way people make sense of their everyday surroundings

Answer 225

social group with 2 people - more intense social interaction

Answer 226

web of weak social ties - but powerful resource

Answer 227

A person tried to solve problems given the cultural notions of gender at play - Making a connection between how you think about it, how you feel about it and how you act ie becoming a super dad

SOCI Midterm Flashcards

(271 cards)