SOCI101 Key Terms Flashcards
(97 cards)
1
Q
Cosmology
A
The system of knowledge and beliefs that a society uses to understand how the world works.
2
Q
Polytheism
A
Religious cosmology with multiple gods.
3
Q
Monotheism
A
Religious cosmology with one god.
4
Q
Utopia
A
An image of an imaginary, perfect world in which there is no conflict, hunger or unhappiness.
5
Q
Religion
A
Unified system of beliefs and practices related to sacred things, which unite adherents into a single moral community.
6
Q
Ritual
A
An event where people come together to reaffirm the meaning of the sacred, so acknowledge its special qualities and it separateness from ordinary life.
7
Q
Theodicy
A
The attempt to explain why suffering and injustice exist in the world.
8
Q
Sects
A
A smaller andd loosely organized form of a religion that disagree with the established religion.
9
Q
Denomination
A
A religious sect that has developed a more established beuracracy and common set of rituals.
10
Q
Proselytizing
A
The attempt tby an individual or organization to convert other people to their religous beliefs.
11
Q
Secularization thesis
A
The argument that religion will become less important in morden society.
12
Q
Public Religion
A
A situation in which individuals and organizations make faith-based moral arguments about the public good.
13
Q
Matthew Effect
A
A tendency in science in which the most eminent scientists get most of the recognition and rewards for scientific research.
14
Q
Relativism
A
The idea that truth depends on the group the community, the society, and the culture to which a person belongs.
15
Q
Epistemology
A
A branch of philosophy that explores how we know whether a statement or fact is actually true.
16
Q
Post-secular Society
A
A society in which religion and science coexist harmoniosuly, and where there is an attempt to create mutual learning and respect between religious ideas and scientific ideas.
17
Q
Public Health
A
The health of the whole population.
18
Q
Epidemiology
A
The study of social dimensions of disease patterns to discover the way diseases are spread and communicated.
19
Q
Epidemic
A
A widespread or high incidence of an infectious disease.
20
Q
Pandemic
A
An epidemic that affects a large number of people but also spread over a large geographical region of the world.
21
Q
Public health education
A
Education efforst to prevent disease, promote healthy behaviors, preempt risky ones.
22
Q
Public health policy
A
The norms, rules and laws that attempt to shape publlic health behavior.
23
Q
Curative Medical care
A
Care focused on curing disease or relieving pain to promote recovery.
24
Q
Preventive medical care
A
Care aimed at preventing disease before it occurs. (vaccines)
25
Palliative care
Medical care offered to a person and that person's family when it is recognizable that the illness is no longer curable.
26
Integrated medical care
Systems of medical that are coordinated to meet the multiple needs of clients.
27
Reproductive labor
The work of producing and maintaining individuals for social participation in the economy and society.
28
Capitalist crisis of care
The shortage of reproductive labor created by the capitalist organization of work.
29
Deinstitutionalization
A historical process in the United States and other countries where population once housed in long-term care facilities like psychiatric and centers for the developmentally disabled declined sharply over time.
30
Health Insurance
A way to pay for health care where members pay a regular fee into a larger pool, to be drawn on when they need medical care.
31
National Health care
Government-based health care system where all citizens are guaranteed access to a basic bundle of medical services.
32
Absolute Monarchy
A form of government in which there are no laws restricting the power of the monarch over the people living in their territory.
33
Popular Sovereignty
The "rule of the people".
34
Deliberation
The practice of discussing matters of collective importance, so that after debating the merits of competing positions, people can reach a shared agreement about the best course of action.
35
Single-party state
A state in which all the candidates in an election come from a single political party.
36
Constitutional Monarchy
A form of democratic government where power is held by elected officials, with a ceremonial king or queen.
37
Democratic republic
A form of democratic government where power is held by elected officials, with no monarch
38
Parliamentary system
A form of democratic government where the government is chosen from the legistlature, and is also usually the leader of the largest political party in parliament.
39
Presidential System
A form of government where there is a formal separation of powers between the head of government and the legislature, where the president is usually elected by a democratic vote of the people.
40
Power
The ability of individuals or group to get what they want, even against resistence.
41
State
All of the institutions of givernment, which come together to rule over a clearly defined territory. Holds a monopoly on legitimate use of force.
42
Politics
The struggle for influence and control over the state.
43
Coercive power
The system of punishments and rewards that are used to try to force people to act a certain way.
44
Persuasive power
The ability to convince otehr people that a particular choice or action is the appropriate one.
45
Traditional authority
A form of persuasive power in which many people in which people follow a leader's orders becasue of the weight of tradition or custom.
46
Rational-legal authority
A form of persuasive power based on clearly written and defined rules.
47
Charsimatic authority
A form of persuasive power in which people follow a leader's orders because of the personal qualities that leader possesses.
48
Hegemony
A form of power where dominant groups are able to make their worldview seem like "commmon sense" to the rest of the population.
49
Public Opinion
The public expression of the different attitudes and beliefs that people have about a particular issue.
50
Interest Group
An organization that brings people together on the basis of a common issue, and attempts to influence political decision-makers on the topics related to that issue.
51
Public Sphere
The collection of places where private individuals and elected officials gather together to discuss matters of common concern
52
Agenda-setting
The idea that news media set the public agenda. Tehy do not shape what people think, but they do have great influence on what people think about.
53
Media concentration
A situation when few large companies control the majority of commercial culture.
54
Social movement
A group of people acting together to try to change, usually outside of the channels of institutionalized politics.
55
Structural strain theory
A theory about the connection between structural inqualities, grievances and collective action.
56
Resource mobilization theory
A theory that links social movement success to resources of money, legitimacy, facilities and labor.
57
Free-rider Problem
In social movement context, the situation where people who benefit from social movement's activites assume that others will do the work.
58
Political opportunity structure
The political opportunities, available for the successful social movement action that occurs when there are changes in poltical alliances, political conflicts among elites, or when there are clear alliances that can be made with specific groups
59
Symbolic politics
A type of political activity in which the meanings associated with a political action are just as important as the policies or the social changes being proposed.
60
Social solidarity
A feeling of the social connection and social belonging
61
Social capital
Relationships and experience of social connection and cooperation people have with each other that allow them to act together.
62
Literacy
The ability to read, write, communicate and use other skills that allow people to participate fully in society.
63
Citizenship education
Cirrculum dealing with history, laws and main social institutions of the nation of which the students live.
64
Job training
When schools provide students with teaching about specific skills that will help them enter the workforce.
65
Moral Education
A form of education where students lean social skills, the values of self-dertermination and autonomy, and how to attach to social groups.
66
Credentialism
A process in which formal educational qualifications are sued to dertermine who is elligible to work in a given occupation
67
Cultural Capital
Education, cultural knowledge, and ultural consumption that signals priviledge to others.
68
Warehousing theory
A theory that focuses on the ways that postsecondary education acts as a holding place that protects people from unstable labor market conditions.
69
Private School
A school that charges tuition for each student it educates
70
Public School
A school that is run by the state and recieves all or most of its funding from the government.
71
Homeschooling
A type of schooling in which parents choose to educate their children at home instead of sending them to traditional school.
72
Primary School
The part of the education system that focuses on the learning needs of children from the ages of five to twelve. Basic academic learnning and socialization skills.
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Secondary school
The part of the education system that focuses on teaching more specialized skills that students need to enter the workplace or university.
74
Standardized Tests
Forms of assessment that are administered and scored under conditions that are all the same for all students.
75
Marriage Market
Institutionalized spaces where individuals select potential sexual. romantic and marraige partners.
76
Economy
All the activities and organizations that are involved in the production, distribution and consumption of goods and services.
77
Feudalism
An economic system in which a small amount of people owned most of the land, and everyone else was completely dependent on the landowner.
78
Capitalism
An economic system based on the private ownership of property, including the means of material life such as food, clothing and shelter, and in which the production of goods and services are controlled by private entities.
79
Socialism
A type of economy in which goods are produced according to social needs, and economic production is controlled and owned collectively by the workers themselves.
80
Post-industrialism
An economy in whcih manufacturing becomes less important as a source of wealth, and where the production of information, knowledge, and services becomes more important.
81
Demography
The study of the human population
82
Urbanization
A social process in which the populatiion shifts from the country into cities, and where most people live in urban places rather than rural ones.
83
Immigration
The movement of people from one nation to another.
84
Census
An official count of the population
85
Social Demography
Social research that uses demographic data to study key social institutions and social processes.
86
Demographic transition
The historical decline in birth rate and death rate.
87
Demographic divide
A general pattern of global population growth, in which poor countries have high birth rates and low life expectencies, and rich countries have low birth rates and high life expectencies.
88
Suburb
A residential area located within commuting distance of a city.
89
Conurbation
A process in which urban and suburban development reaches a point where different cities begin to connnected in a large, continuous metropolitan space.
90
Global city
Cities that serve as the center of global finance, international law, management consulting and communication.
91
Brain Drain
When highly educated people in poor countries leave for places with more economic opportunity.
92
Internal migration
The movement of people within the same country.
93
Immigrant enclave
A community in which which there are successful immigrant-owend businesses that serve to anchor the community.
94
Remittance
A practice in which immigrants send money back to family members living in their country of origin.
95
Transnational community
A community that reaches beyond national boundaries.
96
Diaspora
A type of transnational community that develops when specific populations are forced to leave their homeland and to scatter across different communities around the globe.
97
Citizenship
The laws that define who is a legal member of a country.
