Social

Question 1

2 assumptions of the social approach

Answer 1

1. behaviour is influenced by culture and society
2. behaviour is influenced by the actions and attitudes of those around us

Question 2

aim of milgram

Answer 2

to investigate whether people will obey an authority figure to extreme lengths and administer lethal electric shocks

Question 3

sample and sampling of milgram

Answer 3

40 males, 20-50 years, new haven area, collected via volunteer sampling, $4.50 for participation

Question 4

method of milgram

Answer 4

controlled observation

Question 5

procedure of milgram

Answer 5

cover story explained, the effects of punishment on learning. participant and confederate drew roles which was rigged, pps = teacher and confed= learner
teacher saw learner be strapped to chair
teacher was given test volt of 45V
teacher could hear not see the learner
L had to learn words in pairs, T would say one word and L would have to give the correct answer if not they would be shocked.
shock generator went from 15-450V with words to describe each shock
teacher was debriefed at the end

Question 6

what was the response of the learner to certain volts (milgram)

Answer 6

300v = learner pounded on the wall and had no answer
315v = no pounding nor answers

Question 7

what were the 4 verbal prods used by the experimenter (milgram)

Answer 7

1. please continue
2. the experiment requires you to continue
   3.it is essential that you continue
3. you have no choice, you must go on

Question 8

results of milgram

Answer 8

gained through observation, pps showed signs of nervousness and tension
pps trembled and stuttered
14/40 had nervous laughing fits
3/40 had seizures

Question 9

quantitative results of milgram

Answer 9

300v = 100% of pps obeyed
450v = 65% of pps obeyed

Question 10

strengths of milgram

Answer 10

+ highly reliable, procedure was standardised, same instructions, same script followed, allows procedure to be repeated for further detail
+useful, gives further detail about how likely we are to follow instructions and to what lengths we would go to, this can be used in prisons and schools

Question 11

weaknesses of milgram

Answer 11

• ethnocentric, all males from the same area in America, the results may not be generalisable to the rest of the population
• lacks ecological validity, the procedure does not represent real life, the setting also was unfamiliar

Question 12

aim of Bocchiaro

Answer 12

to investigate whether we are likely to whistle blow on unethical requests and to see if predictions of whistleblowing match actual rates of whistleblowing

Question 13

method and sample of bocchiaro

Answer 13

controlled observation
VU uni of Amsterdam, 149 pps (96 W, 53M) who were volunteers
138 pps were surveyed

Question 14

procedure of bocchiaro

Answer 14

setting was the uni lab, greeted my male researcher who was formally dressed with a stern demeanour. researcher gave pps a cover story and told them he wanted to repeat this study. pps were asked to write supporting statements with 2 adjective (exciting, incredible, great and superb) they were left for 7 minutes. after they were fully debriefed

Question 15

what were the options the pps had during the procedure of bocchiaro

Answer 15

1. obey and write the statement
2. whistle blow and fill an ethics form
3. disobey and write nothing

Question 16

describe the comparison group in bocchiaro

Answer 16

they were told the whole procedure and asked to fill out the questionnaire with the critical questions
“what would you do”
“what do you think the average student would do”

Question 17

results of the comparison group of bocchiaro
(what would you do)

Answer 17

3.6% of pps said they would obey
64.5% of pps said they would whistle blow
31.9% of pps said they would disobey

Question 18

results of the comparison group of bocchiaro
(what would the average student do)

Answer 18

18.8% obey
37.3% whistle blow
43.9% disobey

Question 19

results of the actual study of bocchairo

Answer 19

76.5% obey
9.4% whistle blow
14.1% disobey
9 were closed WBs
5 were open WBs

Question 20

conclusions of bocchiaro

Answer 20

people are not likely to whistle blow
people are bad at predicting if people will obey or disobey
people assume they are more likely to WB than the average student
being faithful were more likely to WB

Question 21

strengths of bocchiaro

Answer 21

+high reliability, standardised procedure, can be repeated again for further results
+useful, results show we are extremely obedient even to unethical requests, measures need to be put in place to tackle unethical requests

Question 22

weaknesses of bocchiaro

Answer 22

-ethnocentric, WB is more openly frowned upon in the netherlands, making pps less likely to WB and be obedient, cant apply theses results to the wider population
-not representative sample, volunteer sampling, only certain people would volunteer who may be more likely to obey than others who would not volunteer

Question 23

strengths of the social approach

Answer 23

+useful, used in schools and prisons to allow for understanding of how people will obey authority e.g. milgram
+favours observations, natural behaviour is observed which allows for valid results as pps wont change behaviour due to knowing they are being studied (social desirability) e.g. Bocchiaro

Question 24

weaknesses of the social approach

Answer 24

-unethical, no informed consent, true purpose needs to be hidden due to observer natural behaviour and avoid demand characteristics e.g. milgram
-reductionist, the approach says our behaviour is purely down to environment and people around us, ignoring biological explanations to behaviour e.g. milgram

Question 25

what is a bystander

Answer 25

someone who is present at the scene of an incident but not directly involved

Question 26

what is a bystander effect

Answer 26

a social psychological phenomenon when individuals do not offer any help to a victim, caused by being alone

Question 27

what is diffusion of responsibility

Answer 27

if more people are present the less likely you are to help

Question 28

Piliavn - aim

Answer 28

To investigate factors affecting helping behavior and to improve upon earlier research in a naturalistic setting

Question 29

4 factors looked at by piliavn

Answer 29

Victim’s responsibility in the situation (drunk/ill) Race of victim ( black/white) presence of a model size of the group

Question 30

piliavn - sample

Answer 30

4450 passengers between 11am and 3pm average of 43 people per carriage 45% black 55% white pps were a captive audience for 7.5 minutes

Question 31

piliavn - method

Answer 31

field experiment on the trains in new york - pps observation

Question 32

piliavn - procedure

Answer 32

for each trial a team of 4 students boarded the train using different doors. there were 4 different teams who collected data for 103 trials. female confederates sat outside the critical area and recorded data. the male model was stood in the model of the carriage after 70 seconds the victim staggered forward and collapsed, remaining motionless. the 4 victims were males, 3 white and 1 black. on 38 trials they smelt of alcohol on 65 trials they were sober and carried a cane if a model intervened they would help the victim to a sitting position and stay with him

Question 33

what are the 4 model conditions of piliavn

Answer 33

1. critical / early - model stands in the critical area but wait until the 4th station to help - 70 seconds after collapse 2. critical/late - model stands in the critical area but wait until the 6th station to help - 150 seconds after collapse 3.adjacent/ early - model stands in the adjacent area but wait until the 4th station to help - 70 seconds after collapse 4. adjacent/ late - model stands in the adjacent area but wait until the 6th station to help - 150 seconds after collapse

Question 34

what are the observations made by the females - piliavn

Answer 34

number of passengers who went to help + their race, sex and location. race, sex and location of all passengers in the critical and adjacent areas. time for help to arrive. comments made by near by passengers.

Question 35

what are the independent and dependent variables of piliavn

Answer 35

IV: drunk/ill black/white modelled help (adjacent/critical + early/late) number of bystanders DV: time taken for a passenger to help total number of people who helped

Question 36

overall results of piliavn

Answer 36

a higher number of people helped than in previous experiments most helpers were male - 90%

Question 37

specific findings of piliavn

Answer 37

ill/drunk - cane condition had 95% help, drunk had 50% black/white - in the cane condition both were helped, in the drunk condition the white model were helped more than the black model modelling - little data showed early modelling inspires others more than late modelling number of bystanders - no effect of diffusion of responsibility, the more passengers, the more help. other observations - 21/103, 34 people left the critical area, especially when victim was drunk. more comments when victim was drunk. comments from women - 'its for men to help him'

Question 38

describe the arousal: cost - reward model

Answer 38

if the cost of helping someone (risk of harm) is greater than the reward (praise/social approval) people are less likely to help

Question 39

what is the aim of levine

Answer 39

to look at helping behaviour in a wide range of cultures, in large cities around the world in relations to 4 specific community variables

Question 40

what is the method of levine

Answer 40

cross cultural quasi experiment with independent measures

Question 41

what are the 3 helping conditions of levine

Answer 41

1. if the victim dropped a pen 2. if the victim had a hurt or injured leg 3. if the victim was blind and trying to cross the road

Question 42

what are the 4 community variables of levine

Answer 42

population size - official statistic of the 23 countries economic wellbeing - cities PPP (purchasing power purity) a measure of wealth cultural values (individualism/collectivism/simpatia) - rating the 23 countries on a one point scale walking speed (speed of life) - walking speed across 60ft, during business hours on a sunny day

Question 43

what was the sample of leviene

Answer 43

overall 230,000 participants from 23 countries around the world e.g. Brazil, India, Spain and China individuals walking alone were the ones that were selected. children, 17 and under, were not included participants were selected by approaching the second potential person who crossed a predetermined line

Question 44

outline the procedure of leviene

Answer 44

data was collected by students. all experimenters were men. to ensure standardisation: all experimenters received detailed instructions and on site training. the experimenters practised together. no verbal communication of the experimenter was needed.

Question 45

results of simpatia in leviene

Answer 45

all countries which had this variable were in the top 1/2 of the table. there was a mean rate of helping of 82.87% compared to 66% in non-simpatia countries

Question 46

other results of levine

Answer 46

population size, PPP, pace of life and individualism/collectivism had no significant correlations. ppp had a negative correlation, so richer countries would help less

Question 47

conclusions of leviene

Answer 47

helping behaviour is not universal. no relationship between individualism/collectivism and helping behaviours. helping in simpathia countries is more common the only characteristic of cities that negatively correlated with helping was PPP.