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SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY > SOCIAL > Flashcards

SOCIAL Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a stereotype?

A

An exaggerated belief associated with a category.

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2
Q

What is the stereotype content model?

A

A measure of stereotypes based on competence and warmth.

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3
Q

What is the stereotype threat?

A

A social identity threat that occurs when an individual is aware of a stereotype about their own group.

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4
Q

What is prejudice?

A

A social orientation based on false beliefs.

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5
Q

What is leadership?

A

The process whereby an individual inspires a group to achieve some group goal that the individual has identified as important.

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6
Q

What are the two types of leadership-group relations?

A

1) Transformational: Inspiring leadership that drives a vision.
2) Transactional: Leader primarily involved when problems arise.

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7
Q

What type of leader-group relation is more effective?

A

Transformational

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8
Q

What is the contingency theory?

A

effectiveness of ‘task-oriented’ versus ‘socio-emotional’ leadership, was contingent on their match with the situation.

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9
Q

What is the golden circle?

A

A system of evaluation (why? how? what?)

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10
Q

What types of aggression are there?

A

1) Instrumental aggression: directed, perpous-driven aggression.
2) Emotional aggression: aggressive outbursts.

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11
Q

What is the evolutionary perspective of aggression?

A

Aggression has evolved as a mechanism of overall fitness. (i.e. to protect resources and compete for mates).

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12
Q

What is the social learning perspective of aggression?

A

1) Direct experience: through which an individual is rewarded for aggressive behaviour.
2) Indirect experience: through which an individual observes another being rewarded for aggressive behaviour.

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13
Q

What are situational determinants of aggression?

A

1) Heat

2) Alcohol

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14
Q

What is the most effective prevention of aggression?

A

Pro-social thoughts

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15
Q

What are the theories of aggression?

A

1) Evolutionary theory
2) Drive theories
3) General Aggression Model (GAM)

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16
Q

What is altruism?

A

Any act of voluntary self-sacrifice intended to benefit another with no expectation of reward.

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17
Q

What is pro-social behaviour?

A

Any act performed by an individual with the goal of helping another person.

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18
Q

What are two evolutionary perspectives of altruism?

A

1) Kin selection theory: an individual would help close relatives before distant relatives.
2) Inclusive fitness theory: an individual would help younger relatives before older relatives.

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19
Q

What is the behaviourist perspective of altruism?

A

Social exchange theory: an individual helps for a reward.

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20
Q

What are the situational factors of helping behaviour?

A

The bystander effect - diffusion of responsibility.

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21
Q

What is self-categorisation theory?

A

The theory suggests that groups are a part of self-identity, not just an external influence.

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22
Q

What is conformity?

A

A shared identity between source and target.

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23
Q

What is a fundemental difference betwen majority and miority influence?

A

Majority influence relies on a process of ‘compliance’.

Minority influence relies on a process of ‘conversoin’.

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24
Q

What is social influence?

A

The process whereby people directly or indirectly influence the thoughts, feelings, and behaviours of others.

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25
What are the different types of social influence?
1) Compliance 2) Conformity 3) Minority influence
26
Give an example of social influence research in the literature...
Sherrif (1935) - Autokinetic effect Asch (1955) - Line comparison task Milgram (1974) - Conformity and obedience
27
What is the social influence dual-process theory?
A theory that describes social influence in terms of - Normative influence: to conform to the positive expectations of others. Informational influence: to accept information obtained by others as an accurate representation of reality.
28
What is informational influence?
When new information changes the thoughts, feelings, or behaviour of an individual.
29
Why are people informationally influenced?
Because people are motivated by survival to know the right information.
30
Give an example from the literatureof social connectedness and health?
Cohen et al (1997) exposed healthy adults to the cold virus and found that people with more social connections had stronger immune systems.
31
what are the different levels of social psychology?
1) Individual 2) Immediate group context 3) Broader society
32
What is social psychology?
The scientific study of the reciprocal influence of the individual and his/her social context.
33
What is observational research?
Observational data tells you what people actually do in the real world.
34
What is correlational research?
Whether or not there is some association between two things.
35
What is experimental research?
to determine causation.
36
What is the self?
The self is both subject and object of perception.
37
What theories are involved in the attitude-behaviour relationship?
Theories of reasoned action and planned behaviour.
38
How do attitudes change?
1) Social influence: Adopting new attitudes from others 2) Persuasion: The quality of someone's argument or their characteristics. 3) Dissonance: When a person becomes aware of an inconsistency between their thoughts and behaviour.
39
What is cognitive dissonance theory?
The theory suggests that people experience discomfort when there is any inconsistency between what they think and how they act.
40
What literature supports Festinger (1957) cognitive dissonance theory?
Zimbardo (1965) conducted an experiment in which a negative or positive authority figure encouraged their subordinates to eat grasshoppers. It was found that 50% of subordinates in the negative condition changed their private attitudes more favourably toward eating grasshoppers after the event. Zimbardo suggested that the subordinates changed their attitudes to reduce the discomfort of dissonance.
41
What is allignment?
In cognitive dissonance theory, alignment refers to changing a thought or behaviour, so that it aligns with a corresponding thought or behaviour, reducing the discomfort of dissonance.
42
When does inducing dissonance lead to attitude change?
1) when someone has expended effort. 2) when someone cannot attribute their behaviour to external forces. 3) When someone believes they have made a free choice.
43
What is an attitude?
A psychological tendency that is expressed through evaluation.
44
How are attitudes measured?
Likert scales
45
Why are attitudes important to social psychology?
Because the way people evaluate their social world has important consequences in their relationships and attitudes towards others.
46
What are the types of attitudes?
1) Implicit | 2) Explicit
47
What is the difference between implicit and explicit attitudes?
Implicit attitudes are internal, reactive evaluations of things. Whereas explicit attitudes are external evaluations usually motivated by social means.
48
What is the relationship between attitudes and behaviour?
Peoples attitudes are evaluations of things. Thus, a negative or positive evaluation influences a person behaviour.
49
How is the self concept shaped by other people?
By how we think they see us, and how they treat us.
50
What are the levels of the self?
1) Personal self 2) Relational self 3) Collective self
51
What influences how people describe their self?
Conceptual differences in the identity of the self, including different languages.
52
How do people know themselves?
Who we are is context-dependent. Who we identify as, and who we are identified as depends on the circumstance in which the self is being identified.
53
How can you describe the self?
The self is multifaceted, layered, and context dependet.
54
What is social comparison theory (Festinger, 1954)
Social comparison theory suggests that thinking about the self is informed by the comparisons we make with people around us.
55
Give an example of social comparison theory...
Klein (1997) found that social comparison information had a greater impact on peoples levels of being disturbed by the possibility of illness, than personal risk information.
56
How do we compare to others?
People compare to similar others for self evaluation. People also compare to dissimilar others for self enhancment and self improvement.
57
Why do people compare to others for self-enhancement?
To attain and maintain a positive self-image.
58
In terms of social comparison, what is the self-verification motive?
A desire of the self to be seen accurately.
59
Is self-esteem good or bad?
self-esteem is generally good because it helps to maintain a positive self-concept. However, high self-esteem can cause people to have ineffective self-regulation.
60
Give an example from the literature of social connectedness and health...
Cohen et al (1997) conducted a study in which adults were exposed to a common cold virus. It was found that those with more social connections were less susceptible to the virus. It was concluded that social connectedness may influence the immune system.
61
Give an example from the literature of the fundamental need to belong...
Baumeister (2002) found that the anticipation of social exclusion negatively affected peoples cognitive functioning.
62
Why is social inclusion important to social animals?
Organisms that are better socially integrated are more likely to survive to adulthood, reproduce, and successfully raise offspring.
63
What is Sternberg's triangular model of love?
The variations of passion, commitment, and intimacy that govern the nature of relationships.

SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY (1 decks)

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