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Social And Cultural Diversity Flashcards

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1
Q

What is low-context communication in regards to nonverbal communication?

A

It refers to individuals communicating primarily verbally to express thoughts and feelings.

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2
Q

What is cultural feminism?

A

Workplace environment, politics, sexual identity, and sexual harassment of women were the particular concentration of this movement.

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3
Q

What is gender schema theory and who proposed it?

A

Sandra Bem. She proposed children learn from society what it means to be male or female. As children begin to internalize these assumptions, they adjust their behavior to conform to society’s gender norms and expectations.

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4
Q

What is resilience?

A

It is defined as a persons ability to maintain equilibrium, I just to do a stressful or disturbing circumstances, or to bounce back toward a level of positive functioning in spite of adverse situations.

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5
Q

What three laws has the US government put in place to protect citizens with disabilities?

A

Rehabilitation act of 1973
- prohibits discrimination against persons with disabilities in federally sponsored or federal programs.

Americans with disabilities act of 1990 - prohibits discrimination of persons with disabilities in employment, public services, telecommunications, and accommodations.

Individuals with disabilities education improvement act of 2004 - provision of non-discriminatory education process for children with disabilities in the least restrictive environment.

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6
Q

What are proxemics in regards to nonverbal communication?

A

The use of personal physical distance.

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7
Q

What are the four stages of spiritual identity development?

A

Pre-awareness – individuals do not view spirituality as salient in their lives.

Awakening – refers to the notion that individuals become aware of themselves as spiritual beings after a spiritual event or conflict.

Recognition – spirituality is integrated throughout life experiences. Individuals begin to develop a spiritual practice.

Integration – Spirituality is synthesized with the overall self-concept during this final status.

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8
Q

What is sexism?

A

The oppression of individuals on the basis of gender and it stems from the belief that males are the superior gender and there some more competent and deserving of power.

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9
Q

What are the three types of racial interactions according to the racial interaction theory?

A

Parallel interactions – both individuals are at similar racial identity statuses, resulting in more harmonious race-based communications.

Regressive interactions – one individual is at a lower racial identity status then the other individual.

Progressive interactions – when individual of a higher social power exhibiting a more advanced racial identity status then the other individual

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10
Q

What is social feminism?

A

Focuses on the whole of society, which pertains to particulars such as women’s roles and careers, race, capitalism in a patriarchal context, Socio economic status, ethnicity, culture, and the financial realm.

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11
Q

What does double or triple jeopardy in regards to oppression mean?

A

Discrimination faced by individuals because of their possession of multiple minority statuses, such as being a racial minority and a female or being a racial minority, female, and having a disability.

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12
Q

What is an external locus of control?

A

Refers to the notion that consequences results by chance, outside of an individual’s control

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13
Q

What is radical feminism?

A

Focuses on discrimination against women in capitalism, particularly white middle-class women, and was the building block for feminist therapy. Emerging in the 1960s and continuing through the 1980s.

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14
Q

What is colorism?

A

It refers to the judgment of worth based on how closely an individual skin color approximates that of Whites.

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15
Q

What is an emic perspective in multicultural counseling competencies?

A

It refers to using counseling approaches that are specific to a clients culture. Counselors using and emic perspective would more likely use indigenous healing practices and look for alternative explanation of symptoms based on specific cultural expressions.

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16
Q

How do phobias relate to prejudice?

A

Fear usually causes prejudicial attitudes. For example, homophobia is the fear and hatred of same-sex couples that results in prejudice and oppression.

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17
Q

In which acculturation model are individuals rejecting the cultural values and customs of both cultures?

A

The marginalization model

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18
Q

What is oppression? What are the two types of oppression?

A

The condition of being subject to a group of people who have access to social power and authority.

Oppression can occur by force or by deprivation.

An example of force would be imposing a role, experience, or conditioner on someone.
And example of deprivation would be not providing someone with the necessary experience or resource.

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19
Q

What is chronemics in regards to nonverbal communication?

A

It’s how individuals conceptualize and act toward time.

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20
Q

What are three characteristics observed in persons with higher resilience?

A

Hopeful attitudes and worldviews, having a supportive network of family, friends, and so forth, and having a connected and safe community with sufficient services available

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21
Q

What are the two white racial identity development models?

A

Helm’s white racial identity model and and the Racial Interaction Theory

And Hardimans’s model is White Racial Identity Development

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22
Q

What is classism?

A

A form of discrimination found it on a persons social status

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23
Q

What defines working class status?

A

Live paycheck to paycheck, working to get immediate needs and bills met.

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24
Q

What is ethnicity?

A

It refers to persons identification with a group of people who have a similar social or cultural background.

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25
What is the homoprejudice?
Prejudice is more the cause of discrimination than an actual phobia per se
26
What defines underclass status?
Generally have an under paying job or I'm not employed. Struggle greatly to maintain basic needs, such as food, housing, healthcare, and even access to transportation. Can be considered to be at the poverty level.
27
What is overt racism?
And more obvious and focused prejudice. it is never unintentional or unconscious.
28
What are the four interpersonal distance zones?
Intimate distance (0 to 18 inches) Personal distance (18 inches to 4 feet) Social distance (4 feet to 12 feet) Public distance (12 feet or more)
29
What are the three levels of oppression?
Primary oppression – obvious acts by both force and deprivation. Secondary oppression – oppressive ask in which individuals do not get directly involved but from which they may benefit. Tertiary oppression – when minority group members adopt majority opinion so they fit in this is also known as internalized oppression
30
What is heteronormativity?
Societal expectations that individuals adhere to gender roles that complement those of the opposite biological sex. It involves an assumption that there is a binary gender system and that heterosexuality is the normal orientation.
31
What is Liberal feminism?
It marks the beginning of the feminist movement in the 18th and 19th centuries. Focuses on human rights and the desire to be treated as rational human beings it also Inc. women into the voting population
32
What is modern classism?
Classism is generally thought to have its origins in the higher classes who would try to discriminate and oppress the lower classes but modern classism proposes that those of lower status may exhibit classism as well.
33
What is an etic perspective in multicultural counseling competencies?
It refers to the viewing clients from a universal perspective. This likely means that an individual clients culture is minimized to focus more on basic counseling processes and strategies that apply across individuals.
34
What are the two people of color racial identity development models?
Cross's Nigrescence model and Helm's People of Color racial identity model.
35
What is racism?
The belief that a group of people are inferior to one's own group due to recognized or perceived differences in physical characteristics. It also involves the ability to act on such beliefs overtly or covertly, intentionally or unintentionally.
36
What is filial piety?
The needs of an individual are often secondary to those of the family, especially to parents and elders
37
In which model of acculturation are individuals identifying with both their own culture and that of the host culture?
The integration model or biculturalism model.
38
What is black feminism?
Puts forth that African-American women are the targets of both sexism and racism
39
In which model of acculturation are individuals refusing to adopt cultural values outside of their own cultural values?
The separation model
40
What is cultural encapsulation?
When the counselor does not understand the clients worldview our cultural identity and thus fails to integrate this information in practice
41
What is covert racism?
It is not directly obvious but instead is done insidiously either through conscious or unconscious motivations
42
What are the five stages in the feminist identity development model developed by Downing and Roush?
Passive acceptance – women internalizing traditional gender roles and societal views of women. Revelation – experience an event of sexism that calls into awareness that there development is hindered in someway. May cause dualistic thinking. Embeddedness-emanation – women develope a support network with other women to deal with negative feelings. Synthesis – women integrate evolving feminist principles with other personal and cultural values. Active commitment – women advocating for other women and working to eradicate sexism.
43
What defines middle class status?
Able to meet immediate needs plus those that arise in the future.
44
Culture
Culture refers to the human experience mediated by biological, psychological, historical, and political events. It includes behaviors, attitudes, feelings, and cognitions related to our identities living within the world.
45
What is women of color feminism?
Promotes embracing all women regardless of the color of their skin
46
What is the difference between sex roles and gender roles?
Sex roles tend to focus on a persons physiological functioning, for example a woman's sex role would include her ability to conceive and give birth. Gender roles take into account many factors, which include expectations put on a person by societyabout how someone should behave, think, and be treated and White believes he or she should hold.
47
What is worldview?
And individuals conceptualization of their relationship with the world.
48
What does saving face mean?
An individual's behavior are reflective of family and thus should protect the honor of the family.
49
What is prejudice?
It involves making assumptions about an individual. It can have either positive or negative feelings attached to it, but negative prejudice is the most common type
50
What are the five hetero sexual identity statuses?
Unexplored commitment - individuals except themselves as heterosexual without exploring this identity. They conform to heterosexual norms present in society. Active exploration – a more active identification with heterosexuality and attention to heterosexual privilege. Diffusion – represents a period of no commitment or exploration at the individual or group level. Deepening and commitment – individuals show a greater commitment to their heterosexuality and focus more attention on acknowledging heterosexual privilege and dismantling oppression. Synthesis – involves the development of an overall sexual self concept.
51
What is color blindness?
Treating individuals equally by ignoring their racial group, or color of their skin, as a component of their identity.
52
What are the two different world view models?
Sue's locus of responsibility and locus of control model which results in four worldview combinations (IR-IC, IR-EC, ER-EC, and ER-IC) and Kluckohn and Strodtbeck's model
53
What is a cultural identity?
Refers to the degree to which individuals identify belonging to subgroups of various cultural groups or categories
54
In which acculturation model are individuals identifying solely with the new culture and adopting values and customs of the other more dominant group?
The assimilation model
55
What is an internal locus of control?
The believe that consequences are dependent on an individuals actions
56
What is ecofeminism?
The believes that women understand the balance between humans and nature better than men do and that meant hurt both women and the environment
57
What is an internal locus of responsibility?
It refers to the idea that success or failure is viewed as an individual's own doing and is this the result of individual systems
58
What is the difference between monochromatic time and polychronic time?
Monochromic time refers to an orientation toward time in a linear fashion. (for example east of schedules, advance planning of activities, etc.) While polychronic Time refers to the value of time as secondary to relationships among people.
59
What is race?
How groups of people are thought to be identified by physical characteristics, such as a person skin color, facial features, hair texture, or I shape. The concept of race is a social and political classification system historically based on a genetic and biological background.
60
What does transgender mean?
It refers to identity and rolls that do not conform to cultural norms and expectations associated with one's biological sex.
61
Who wrote the culturally encapsulated counselor?
C. Gilbert Wren
62
What are the three levels of racism?
Individual racism – the individual perspective that another race is less intelligent, inferior, and so on. These beliefs maintain racial status quo and are both unconscious and conscious. Institutional racism – racism perpetuated by institutions such as businesses and government. Cultural racism – refers to TValue and cultural artifacts that do not approximate white cultural values.
63
What are the four main models of acculturation?
Assimilation model, separation model, integration model, and marginalization model.
64
Which racial and ethnic group is considered the fastest growing in the US?
Asian Americans
65
What are the three categories of social relationships?
Lineal-hierarchal, (typically patriarchal structures, traditional cultures with hierarchal positions) Collateral – mutual (collectivistic focus) Individualistic (The needs of groups are secondary to those of individuals)
66
What is internalized classism?
The results of a person feeling shame for the class to which they belong in their place in society due to socioeconomic status
67
What is male privilege?
It is closely related to sexism and involves the unearned societal benefits afforded to man based on being male.
68
What is paralanguage in regards to nonverbal communication?
It refers to verbal cues other than words such as volume, tempo, prolongation of sound, disfluencies, and pitch.
69
What percentage of communication is nonverbal?
85%
70
What is the five stage model of white racial identity development developed by Hardeman?
Naïveté – characterized by whites categorizing others by racial groups and receiving and transmitting messages about power and privilege. Acceptance – they believethat there is an equal opportunity for all racial groups, although they hold white values as the gold standard for others to follow. Resistance – they experience conflict and anxiety about their beliefs of equal opportunity, as they engage in significant and meaningful cross racial interactions. Redefinition – involves a self reflection process about lights ethnic identity membership. Whites increase their understanding of their ethnic identities independent of their attitudes toward other racial or ethnic groups. Internalization - whites define themselves independently of the anxiety and resistance of earlier stages.
71
What is acculturation?
The process in which an individual makes sense of the host cultures value system in relation to his or her own.
72
What are the several distinct phases that exist within feminist doctrine?
Liberal feminism Radical feminism Cultural feminism Women of color feminism Black feminism Social feminism Ecofeminism
73
What are the types of nonverbal communication?
* high and low context communication * paralanguage * Kinesics * chronemics * proxemics
74
What is an external locus of responsibility?
It refers to the notion that the social environment or external system is responsible for what happens to individuals
75
What is locus of responsibility?
It refers to what system is accountable for things that happened to individuals.
76
Where is heterosexism?
The discriminatory practices towards those who do not fall within the mainstream category of heterosexual for example recognizing marriage only among heterosexual, and valuing custody and adoption rights of heterosexuals but not homosexuals
77
What are the prominent racial or ethnic groups in the United States from smallest to largest?
Arab Americans 0.42% Native Americans 1% Multiracial Americans 2.9% Asian Americans 4.8% African Americans 12.6% Latin Americans 16.3% Whites/European Americans 72.4%
78
What are the five stages of prejudice?
Antilocution - The sharing of harmful views with those who have the same believes of system. It is only discussion and not action. Avoidance – purposely trying to not be around disliked persons. Discrimination – purposely making sure individuals do not have access to resources for a better quality of life. Physical attack – acting either overtly violent or with violent undertones when in a high-pressure situation against a targeted group. Extermination – I focused effort to demolish certain groups of people.
79
The second worldview model contains five components that integrate in various cultures to create unique cultural worldviews; what are the five components?
Human nature Relationship to nature Sense of time Activity Social relationships
80
What is internalized sexism?
The belief that males deserve a privilege status and others do not.
81
What is color consciousness?
It describes the process of how white people, in response to guilt for the role and perpetuating racial discrimination for racial minorities, focus predominately on racial differences. Color consciousness can be a form of unintentional racism due to the magnification of one's position as a minority instead of attention to presenting concerns that may not have much to do with race
82
What is ethnocentrism?
A concert defining a cultural groups belief that it is superior in comparison to all other cultures.
83
What are the four major groups of Latin Americans residing in the United States? And why did they come here?
Mexicans, which make up approximately 65.5% of Latinos. Came for economic reasons. Puerto Ricans, which make up 9.1% of all Latinos. Came because Puerto Rico is a US territory. Cubans, which make up 3.5% of Latin Americans. Came seeking economic security and political freedom from communism. Central Americans, South Americans, and Caribbean's, which make up a group including at least 500,000 from each country in these regions. Came for economic and political reasons.
84
What is locus of control?
The degree of control individuals perceive they have over there environment
85
What are the four statuses and Hoffmans feminist identity development model?
Unexamined female identity– Involves the acceptance of traditional gender roles for women. Crisis women become aware of societal discrimination in the form of sexism. This usually occurs because of an event. Moratorium/equilibrium – women are actively committed to a feminist identity search. Achieved female identity – involves the synthesis of new feminist identity with other aspects of identity. Gender self-confidence occurs.
86
What is structural classism?
Promotes a current status quo or arrangement of classes
87
What is internalized racism?
Taking in a majority beliefs about minority groups that will cause a minority group to believe stereotypes concerning itself, resulting in low self-esteem, feelings of worthlessness, and lowered motivation levels.
88
What are the two types of poverty?
Generational poverty, which occurs when poverty has been a factor in numerous generations. Situational poverty which occurs when the lack of resources is due to extenuating circumstance.
89
What are some factors that affect acculturation level?
Number of years involved in the acculturation process, the country of origin, the age when you can the acculturation process.
90
What is high-context communication in regards to nonverbal communication types?
It involves individuals relaying messages by relying heavily on surroundings. It assumes that "many things can be left unsaid", and thus non-verbal cues create social harmony
91
What three components does the tripartite model of multicultural counseling involve?
Awareness, knowledge, and skills
92
What are the four phases of culture shock?
Honeymoon phase – involves hopefulness, excitement, and captivation of the new culture. Crisis or disintegration phase – involves the individual being frustrated or let down by cultural aspects that were at first fascinating. Re-orientation and reintegration phase – involves re-integrating into the new cultureby viewing both the good and bad of the culture. Adaptation or resolution phase – feelings of belonging to multiple cultures and having a sense of well-being.
93
What is a micro aggression?
A series of aggressive acts against minorities that build up in occur within every day social interactions.
94
What are the four phases of divorce?
Shock and disbelief - emotions associated with the event Initial adjustment - can include practical adjustments to the first set of change is triggered by divorce, such as moving, family changes, and legal proceedings. Active re-organization - occurs after finalization of legal proceedings and involves connecting with new individuals for socialization. Life reformation - accepting and integrating ones former and current lives
95
What are the six steps in crisis intervention?
Defined the problem Ensure client safety Provide support Examine alternatives Make plans Obtain commitment
96
What are the five forms of crises?
Developmental crises – crises due to normal lifespan events such as childbirth, marriage, graduation, and aging Environmental crises – those due to natural or human made Such as economic downturn, disease, natural disasters, famine, and fire. Existential crises - crises due to realization concerning ones meaning and purpose in life that cause internal strife, conflict, or anxiety. Situational crises – those due to an unexpected circumstances outside of one's control, such as being fired, being a victim of a violent crime, or experiencing the death of a loved one. Psychiatric crises - those due to substance abuse or issues with mental health.
97
What is conflict resolution?
The way individuals seek resolution to enter personal differences and usually involves negotiating, mediating, facilitating, and arbitrating.
98
What is negotiation and what are the different types of negotiations?
Negotiation involves compromise by involved individuals. Power negotiations – occur when individuals divide to have the strongest influence on the outcome and may involve deceitful tactics such as relaying false information and cheating. Rights negotiations – involve the legality of what is right and uses norms, policies, and rules. Interest- based negotiations – involve the process of finding a commonality between the individuals involved. Transformation based negotiations - deal with promoting empowerment and recognition of involved persons.
99
What is mediation in conflict resolution?
The use of an objective, uninvolved person to help with conflict resolution with the goal of working toward determining specific desires and good solutions.
100
What is facilitation in conflict resolution?
The use of counseling related skills, especially in groups, to analyze the conflict, find compromise and solutions, and elicit commitment among individuals.
101
What is arbitration in conflict resolution?
The use of a third-party to make decisions that resolve a conflict for the involved individuals. Arbitration may be binding, which means there is no extra legal action, or non-binding, which warrants further action.
102
What is med-arb in conflict resolution?
It uses both mediation and arbitration. The objective individual listens to both sides, problem solved to incorporate mediation, and then let's individuals make the final decision. It isoften used for divorces or child custody cases.
103
What is the difference between a sociometric test and a psychometric test?
A sociometric test studies actual behavior, where as a psychometric test infers ideas from similar behaviors.
104
What is sociometry?
It gauges the extent of relationship among people or groups, or how people relate to one another, via a sociogram which is a scientific, visual way to analyze and display these relationships.
105
What is motivational interviewing?
Counseling approach used in addiction counseling that is rooted in person centered principles yet is distinctly directive. It is a briefer model focused on solutions.
106
What is the Minnesota model?
A forceful confrontation based counseling model
107
What do practitioners of motivational interviewing try to do?
They try to elicit awareness of incongruence between actions and goals.
108
What does FRAMES stand for in regards to motivational interviewing?
F: Feedback R: responsibility A: advice M: menu P: empathy S: self efficacy
109
What does OARES stand for in regards to motivational interviewing techniques?
O: open ended questions A: affirm R: reflective listening E: elicit self-motivational statements S: summarize
110
What is social identity theory?
This theory puts forth the idea that people sort themselves into groups on the basis of similar characteristics, such as ethnicity or gender. The basis for social identity is categorization, identification, and comparison.
111
What is the social influence model?
A model formulated by Stanley strong, it is certain set of counselors are viewed as having expertise and being attractive, they will have greater influence on the client.
112
Who is at the greatest risk for suicide?
Males are four times more likely to commit suicide then women Whites and native Americans are the most likely races to attempt and complete suicide People 35 years and younger or 65 years and older are more likely to commit suicide

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