Social and Cultural Foundations

Question 1

America has been called the most diverse country on the face of our planet. Counseling a client from a different social and/or
cultural background is known as

a. cross-cultural counseling.
b. multicultural counseling.
c. intercultural counseling.
d. all of the above.

Answer 1

d. all of the above.

Question 2

Culture refers to

a. customs shared by a group which distinguish it from other
groups.
b. values shared by a group that are learned from others in
the group.
c. attitudes, beliefs, art, and language which characterize
members of a group.
d. all of the above.

Answer 2

d. all of the above.

Question 3

Our culture is more diverse than in the past. Multicultural counselors
often work with persons who are culturally different. This means the client

a. is culturally biased.
b. suffers from the diagnosis of cultural relativity.
c. belongs to a different culture from the helper.
d. presents problems which deal only with culturally charged
issues.

Answer 3

c. belongs to a different culture from the helper.

Question 4

In order to diagnose clients from a different culture

a. the counselor ideally will need some information regarding
the specifics of the culture.
b. the counselor will find the DSM useless.
c. the counselor will find the ICD diagnosis useless.
d. NBCC ethics prohibit the use of DSM diagnosis when counseling clients from another culture

Answer 4

a. the counselor ideally will need some information regarding the specifics of the culture.

Question 5

In the United States, each socioeconomic group represents

a. a separate race.
b. a separate culture.
c. the silent middle class.
d. a separate national culture.

Answer 5

b. a separate culture.

Question 6

Which therapist was not instrumental in the early years of the
social psychology movement?

a. Freud
b. Durkheim
c. McDougall
d. Berne

Answer 6

d. Berne

Question 7

_______ and _______ would say that regardless of culture, humans have an instinct to fight.

a. Maslow; Rogers
b. Ellis; Harper
c. Freud; Lorenz
d. Glasser; Rogers

Answer 7

c. Freud; Lorenz

Question 8

_______ believe that aggression is learned. Thus, a child who
witnesses aggressive behavior in adults may imitate the aggressive
behavior.

a. Instinct theorists
b. Innate aggression theorists
c. Social learning theorists
d. Followers of Erik Erikson

Answer 8

c. Social learning theorists

Question 9

The APGA, which became the AACD until 1992 and is now the ACA, contributed to the growth of cross-cultural counseling by

a. the 1972 formation of the Association for Non-White
Concerns in Personnel and Guidance, later known as the
Association for Multicultural Counseling and Development.
b. the 1972 ethic which made it unethical to see culturally
different clients without three hours of relevant graduate
work in this area.
c. the 1972 ethic which required a 3,000-hour practicum in
order to work with culturally different clients.
d. urging nonwhites to take graduate counseling courses.

Answer 9

a. the 1972 formation of the Association for Non-White Concerns in Personnel and Guidance, later known as the
Association for Multicultural Counseling and Development.

Question 10

Daniel Levinson proposed a theory with several major life transitions. He

a. is the Father of Multicultural Counseling.
b. wrote the 1978 classic Seasons of a Man’s Life and the
sequel Seasons of a Woman’s Life in 1997.
c. postulated a midlife crisis for men between ages 40–45
and for women approximately fi ve years earlier.
d. b and c.

Answer 10

d. b and c.

Question 11

The three factors which enhance interpersonal attraction are

a. assertiveness, anxiety, ego strength.
b. close proximity, physical attraction, similar beliefs.
c. culture, race, assertiveness.
d. ego strength, anxiety, race.

Answer 11

b. close proximity, physical attraction, similar beliefs.

Question 12

The term contextualism implies that

a. multicultural counseling is the oldest subspecialty in the
profession.
b. behavior must be assessed in the context of the culture in
which the behavior occurs.
c. the notion of worldview is highly inaccurate.
d. projective tests are more accurate than objective measures
when performing cross-cultural counseling.

Answer 12

b. behavior must be assessed in the context of the culture in
which the behavior occurs.

Question 13

Carol Gilligan was critical of Lawrence Kohlberg’s theory of moral development

a. as she felt it was too psychoanalytic.
b. as she felt it was too behavioristic.
c. as she felt it was not applicable to African Americans.
d. as she felt it was more applicable to males than females.

Answer 13

d. as she felt it was more applicable to males than females.

Question 14

_______ helped to abet the multicultural counseling movement.

a. Arthur Jensen’s views on IQ testing (also known as Jensenism)
b. The civil rights movement
c. Jung’s feeling that all men and women from all cultures possess a collective unconscious
d. The Tarasoff Duty

Answer 14

b. The civil rights movement

Question 15

When a counselor speaks of a probable outcome in a case, he or she is technically referring to

a. the prognosis.
b. the diagnosis.
c. the intervention.
d. attending behavior.

Answer 15

a. the prognosis.

Question 16

When a counselor speaks of what he or she believes must transpire from a psychotherapeutic standpoint, he or she technically is referring to

a. recommendations.
b. the diagnosis.
c. the prognosis.
d. the notion of transference.

Answer 16

a. recommendations.

Question 17

Some research suggests that very poor economic conditions correlate
very highly with

a. passivity.
b. nonassertive behavior.
c. a and b.
d. aggression.

Answer 17

d. aggression.

Question 18

A wealth of research demonstrates that

a. surprisingly enough, African Americans generally request
Asian counselors.
b. surprisingly enough, Asians generally request African-
American counselors.
c. in most instances, clients prefer a counselor of the same race and a similar cultural background.
d. in most instances, clients prefer a counselor of the same
race, yet a different culture.

Answer 18

c. in most instances, clients prefer a counselor of the same race and a similar cultural background.

Question 19

The frustration-aggression theory is associated with

a. Albert Ellis.
b. Robert Havighurst, who created the idea of the developmental task concept.
c. Eric Berne, the creator of transactional analysis (TA).
d. John Dollard and Neal Miller.

Answer 19

d. John Dollard and Neal Miller.

Question 20

A popular balance theory in social psychology is _______ cognitive
dissonance theory.

a. Dollard and Miller’s
b. Crites and Roe’s
c. Festinger’s
d. Holland and Super’s

Answer 20

c. Festinger’s

Question 21

Culture is really a set of rules, procedures, ideas, and values shared by members of a society. Culture is said to be normative. This implies that

a. one culture will have norms which differ only slightly
from another.
b. culture excludes customs.
c. culture provides individuals with standards of conduct.
d. culture is never socially learned.

Answer 21

c. culture provides individuals with standards of conduct.

Question 22

A statistical norm measures actual conduct, while a cultural
norm

a. describes how people are supposed to act.
b. has little to do with expectations.
c. is irrelevant when counseling a client.
d. all of the above.

Answer 22

a. describes how people are supposed to act.

Question 23

Mores are beliefs

a. regarding the rightness or wrongness of behavior.
b. which should be the central focus in multicultural counseling.
c. that are conscious decisions made by persons in power.
d. that are identical with the folkways in the culture.

Answer 23

a. regarding the rightness or wrongness of behavior.

Question 24

_______ was the first pioneer to focus heavily on sociocultural issues.

a. Mark Savickas—a major fi gure in career counseling
b. Alfred Adler—the Father of Individual Psychology
c. Maxie Maultsby—the Father of Rational Behavior Therapy
(RBT)
d. Frank Parsons—the Father of Guidance, who wrote Choosing a Vocation

Answer 24

d. Frank Parsons—the Father of Guidance, who wrote Choosing a Vocation

Question 25

A counselor who is part of a research study will be counseling clients in the Polar Regions and then at a point near the equator.
Her primary concern will be

a. universal culture.
b. national culture.
c. ecological culture.
d. b and c.

Answer 25

d. b and c.

Question 26

Biological similarities and sameness are indicated by

a. ecological culture.
b. mores.
c. regional and national culture.
d. universal culture.

Answer 26

d. universal culture.

Question 27

Early vocalization in infants

a. is more complex in African-American babies.
b. is more complex in Caucasian babies.
c. is nearly identical in all cultures around the globe.
d. is the finest indicator of elementary school performance.

Answer 27

c. is nearly identical in all cultures around the globe.

Question 28

In the 1920s, Emory Bogardus developed a social distance scale
which evaluated

a. socioeconomic trends.
b. how an individual felt toward other ethnic groups.
c. disadvantaged youth.
d. language barriers between Blacks and Asians.

Answer 28

b. how an individual felt toward other ethnic groups.

Question 29

According to the foot-in-the-door technique, which has two distinct
steps, a counselor who needs to make a home visit to a resistant client’s home

a. should conduct the interview from the porch.
b. should double-bind the client.
c. should ask to come in the home.
d. should exude accurate empathy, but never ask to enter the home.

Answer 29

c. should ask to come in the home.

Question 30

Most countries have an official language, a stated viewpoint, and
a central government. This is reflected mainly by

a. national culture.
b. human culture.
c. regional culture.
d. ecological culture.

Answer 30

a. national culture.

Question 31

Whereas a culture is defined primarily via norms and values, a society differs from a culture in that a society

a. is defined as a set of mores.
b. has a distinct lack of norms.
c. is a self-perpetuating independent group which occupies a definitive territory.
d. none of the above.

Answer 31

c. is a self-perpetuating independent group which occupies a definitive territory.

Question 32

Ethnocentrism

a. uses one’s own culture as a yardstick to measure all others.
b. means race.
c. is a genetic term.
d. all of the above.

Answer 32

a. uses one’s own culture as a yardstick to measure all others.

Question 33

All of these statements are ethnocentric except

a. you can’t trust anyone over the age of 40.
b. Americans are generous.
c. Blue-collar workers are mean and selfish.
d. the Gross Domestic Product in the United States exceeds
the fi gure in Mexico.

Answer 33

d. the Gross Domestic Product in the United States exceeds

Question 34

Ethnocentrism

a. is not universal.
b. promotes a sense of patriotism and national sovereignty.
c. promotes stability and pride, yet danger in the nuclear
age.
d. b and c.

Answer 34

d. b and c.

Question 35

Regardless of culture, the popular individual

a. has good social skills.
b. values race over ethnicity.
c. dresses in the latest styles.
d. never possesses a modal personality.

Answer 35

a. has good social skills.

Question 36

Social exchange theory postulates that

a. a relationship will endure if both parties are assertive.
b. a relationship will endure if the rewards are greater than
the costs.
c. a relationship will endure if both parties are sexually attracted
to each other.
d. men work harder to keep a relationship strong.

Answer 36

b. a relationship will endure if the rewards are greater than
the costs.

Question 37

Balance theory postulates

a. a move from cognitive consistency to inconsistency.
b. a move from cognitive inconsistency to consistency.
c. a tendency to achieve a balanced cognitive state.
d. b and c.

Answer 37

d. b and c.

Question 38

Most individuals believe that people whom they perceive as attractive

a. are nonassertive.
b. are aggressive.
c. have other positive traits.
d. are socially adept but not very intelligent.

Answer 38

c. have other positive traits.

Question 39

A counselor who works primarily with a geriatric population needs to be aware that

a. African-American counselees make the best clients.
b. Native Americans do not believe in cognitive interventions.
c. surprisingly enough, attractiveness is a fine predictor of
retirement adjustment.
d. surprisingly enough, financial security and health are the best predictors of retirement adjustment.

Answer 39

d. surprisingly enough, financial security and health are the best predictors of retirement

Question 40

Most experts would agree that a multicultural counselor’s diagnosis

a. must be performed without regard to cultural issues.
b. must be done within a cultural context.
c. a and b.
d. none of the above.

Answer 40

b. must be done within a cultural context.

Question 41

A counselor who is seeing a client from a different culture would most likely expect _______ social conformity than he or she
would from a client from his or her own culture.

a. less
b. more
c. the same
d. more realistic

Answer 41

a. less

Question 42

In terms of diagnosis,

a. a client’s behavior could be sane and appropriate in one culture, yet disturbed and bizarre in another.
b. culture is irrelevant in children under 14.
c. culture is an issue with males, but not with females.
d. culture is an issue with females, but not with males

Answer 42

a. a client’s behavior could be sane and appropriate in one culture, yet disturbed and bizarre in another.

Question 43

In the United States, a frequent practice is to see a perfect stranger for therapy.
a. This trend seems to be true in any area of the world.
b. This is true for LPCs but not true for MSW therapists.
c. This is true for LPCs and MSWs but not clinical psychologists.
d. However, in other cultures it would not be the norm to
see a stranger and receive pay for providing help.

Answer 43

d. However, in other cultures it would not be the norm to

see a stranger and receive pay for providing help.

Question 44

According to the cognitive dissonance theory of Leon Festinger, a man who buys a $20,000 platinum watch would most likely

a. feel intense guilt.
b. read test reports after the purchase to justify his behavior.
c. harbor severe hatred regarding his mother.
d. harbor severe hatred regarding his father.

Answer 44

b. read test reports after the purchase to justify his behavior.

Question 45

A woman who is being robbed
a. would probably get the most assistance in a crowd with a
large number of bystanders.
b. would find that the number of people who would respond
to her distress actually decreases as the number of bystanders
increases.
c. would rarely have a bystander from a different race try to
help her.
d. none of the above.

Answer 45

b. would find that the number of people who would respond
to her distress actually decreases as the number of bystanders
increases.

Question 46

A counselor reading this book says, “I couldn’t care less about
passing the NCE or licensing exam.” This
a. is displacement.
b. is an attempt to reduce dissonance via consistent cognitions.
c. is an attempt to reduce dissonance by denial, thus minimizing
tension.
d. is projection.

Answer 46

c. is an attempt to reduce dissonance by denial, thus minimizing
tension.

Question 47

The statement, “Even though my car is old and doesn’t run well,
it sure keeps my insurance payments low,”

a. is displacement.
b. is an attempt to reduce dissonance via consistent cognitions.
c. is projection.
d. would never reduce dissonance in an individual.

Answer 47

b. is an attempt to reduce dissonance via consistent cognitions.

Question 48

In the case of the individual who purchased the $20,000 watch,
cognitive dissonance theory postulates that
a. he or she might ignore positive information regarding
other models and secure a lot of information regarding
the $20,000 platinum model.
b. he or she might sell the $20,000 watch immediately following
the purchase.
c. he or she might focus heavily on negative information regarding
rival models.
d. a and c.

Answer 48

d. a and c.

Question 49

In the United States, middle- and upper-class citizens seem to
want a counselor who

a. will give them “a good talking to.”
b. gives a specifi c and steady stream of advice.
c. helps them work it out on their own.
d. is highly authoritarian and autocratic.

Answer 49

c. helps them work it out on their own.

Question 50

In a traditional culture which places a high premium on authority
figures,
a. passivity on the part of the counselor would be viewed in
a negative manner.
b. a client would be disappointed if he or she did not receive
advice.
c. assigning homework and teaching on the part of the counselor
would be appropriate.
d. all of the above.

Answer 50

d. all of the above.

Question 51

Cognitive dissonance research deals mainly with

a. attraction.
b. cognition and attitude formation.
c. cognitions and emotion.
d. none of the above.

Answer 51

b. cognition and attitude

Question 52

Parents who do not tolerate or use aggression when raising children
produce
a. less aggressive children.
b. more aggressive children.
c. passive-aggressive children.
d. passive-dependent children.

Answer 52

a. less aggressive children.

Question 53

Overall, Rogerian person-centered counseling

a. is rarely utilized in cross-cultural counseling.
b. is too nondirective for intercultural counseling.
c. a and b.
d. has been used more than other models to help promote understanding between cultures and races.

Answer 53

d. has been used more than other models to help promote understanding between cultures and races.

Question 54

In intercultural/multicultural counseling the term therapeutic surrender means
a. nothing—it is not a valid term.
b. most therapists will give up in 16 sessions or less if progress
is not evident.
c. the client psychologically surrenders himself or herself to a counselor from a different culture and becomes open with feelings and thoughts.
d. the therapist assumes a passive therapeutic stance.

Answer 54

c. the client psychologically surrenders himself or herself to a counselor from a different culture and becomes open with feelings and thoughts.

Question 55

The literature suggests these factors as helpful in promoting
therapeutic surrender:

a. an analysis of cognitive dissonance.
b. rapport, trust, listening, conquering client resistance, and
self-disclosure.
c. paradoxing the client.
d. analyzing fl ight-to-health variables.

Answer 55

b. rapport, trust, listening, conquering client resistance, and
self-disclosure.

Question 56

In terms of trust and therapeutic surrender,

a. it is easier to trust people from one’s own culture.
b. lower-class people often don’t trust others from a higher
social class.
c. lower-class clients may feel that they will end up as losers
dealing with a counselor from a higher social class.
d. all of the above.

Answer 56

d. all of the above.

Question 57

A(n) _______ client would most likely have the most difficulty with self-disclosure when speaking to a Caucasian counselor.

a. middle-class Caucasian female
b. upper-class African-American female
c. lower-class African-American male
d. upper-class Caucasian male

Answer 57

c. lower-class African-American male

Question 58

According to assimilation-contrast theory, a client will perceive
a counselor’s statement that is somewhat like his or her own beliefs
as even more similar (i.e., an assimilation error). He or she would perceive any dissimilar attitudes as

a. even more dissimilar (i.e., a contrast error).
b. standardization.
c. similar to his or her own.
d. paraphrasing.

Answer 58

a. even more dissimilar (i.e., a contrast error).

Question 59

When counseling a client from a different culture, a common error is made when negative transference

a. is interpreted as positive transference.
b. is interpreted as therapeutic resistance.
c. is interpreted as White privilege.
d. none of the above.

Answer 59

b. is interpreted as therapeutic resistance.

Question 60

Counselors who have good listening skills

a. facilitate therapeutic surrender.
b. hinder therapeutic surrender.
c. often have a monolithic perspective.
d. are too nondirective to promote therapeutic surrender.

Answer 60

a. facilitate therapeutic surrender.

Question 61

Counselors can more easily advise

a. clients from their own culture.
b. clients from a different culture.
c. clients of a different race.
d. clients utilizing ethnocentric statements.

Answer 61

a. clients from their own culture.

Question 62

To empathize is easiest with

a. a client who is similar to you.
b. a client who is dissimilar to you.
c. lower-class Hispanic clients.
d. upper-class Asian-American male clients.

Answer 62

a. a client who is similar to you.

Question 63

In cross-cultural counseling, structuring is very important. This
concept asserts that counseling is most effective

a. when structured exercises are utilized.
b. when a counselor takes an active–directive stance.
c. when nondirective procedures are emphasized.
d. when the nature and structure of the counseling situation
is described during the initial session.

Answer 63

d. when the nature and structure of the counseling situation

is described during the initial session.

Question 64

A client from another culture will

a. talk to the counselor the same as he or she would to a
peer.
b. speak to the counselor differently from the way he or she
would when speaking to someone of his or her own background.
c. generally use slang on purpose to confuse the counselor.
d. generally play dumb to receive the counselor’s sympathy.

Answer 64

b. speak to the counselor differently from the way he or she

would when speaking to someone of his or her own background.

Question 65

An African-American client tells a Caucasian counselor that things are “bad” though she literally means something is good.
The counselor’s misunderstanding could best be described as a

a. client of color error.
b. cognitive dissonance error.
c. connotative error.
d. confounding variable.

Answer 65

c. connotative error.

Question 66

A monolingual U.S. counselor

a. speaks only English.
b. speaks English and Spanish.
c. works as a counseling interpreter.
d. fits the definition of bilingual.

Answer 66

a. speaks only English.

Question 67

_______ was a prime factor in the history of multicultural counseling.

a. Frankl’s experience in a concentration camp.
b. Perl’s use of the German concept of Gestalt.
c. Freud’s visits to the United States.
d. The 1954 Supreme Court decision, Brown vs. the Board
of Education, which outlawed public school segregation.

Answer 67

d. The 1954 Supreme Court decision, Brown vs. the Board

of Education, which outlawed public school segregation.

Question 68

Multicultural counseling promotes

a. eclecticism.
b. rigidity.
c. psychodynamic models.
d. neurolinguistic programming.

Answer 68

a. eclecticism.

Question 69

Multicultural counselors often adhere to the emic viewpoint.
The word emic

a. is associated with the Supreme Court decision of 1954
outlawing segregation.
b. suggests that all clients are alike regardless of culture.
c. is associated with Rational Behavior Therapy (RBT).
d. is a “culture specific” perspective, from the word phonemic
meaning sounds in a particular language.

Answer 69

d. is a “culture specific” perspective, from the word phonemic
meaning sounds in a particular language.

Question 70

A practicum supervisor who says to his or her supervisee, “You
can deal with your Asian-American clients the same as you deal
with anybody else,” is espousing the

a. emic viewpoint.
b. alloplastic viewpoint.
c. etic viewpoint, derived from the term phonetic referring
to sounds that remain the same in any language.
d. autoplastic viewpoint.

Answer 70

c. etic viewpoint, derived from the term phonetic referring

to sounds that remain the same in any language.

Question 71

The statement, “All humans, from all cultures, all races, and all
nations, are more alike than different,” is based on the

a. emic viewpoint.
b. alloplastic viewpoint.
c. etic viewpoint.
d. autoplastic viewpoint.

Answer 71

c. etic viewpoint.

Question 72

A counselor is confronted with his or her first Native-American client. Native Americans (also called American Indians or Indian
Americans on exams) are descendents of the original inhabitants
of North America. After the initial session, the counselor secures several books which delineate the cultural aspects of Native-
American life. She discovers that there are over 560 federally
recognized tribes and that there are nearly 3 million Native Americans in the United States. This counselor most likely believes in the

a. emic viewpoint.
b. alloplastic viewpoint.
c. etic viewpoint.
d. autoplastic viewpoint.

Answer 72

a. emic viewpoint.

Question 73

An Asian counselor says to an African-American client, “If you’re unhappy with the system, get out there and rebel. You
can change the system.” This is the _______ viewpoint for coping
with the environment.

a. emic viewpoint
b. alloplastic viewpoint
c. etic viewpoint
d. autoplastic viewpoint

Answer 73

b. alloplastic viewpoint

Question 74

A young Hispanic male is obviously the victim of discrimination.
His counselor remarks, “I hear what you are saying and I will help you change your thinking so this will not have such a profound
impact on you.” In this case the counselor had suggested

a. an alloplastic method of coping.
b. an autoplastic method of coping.
c. the emic–etic distinction.
d. the emic viewpoint.

Answer 74

b. an autoplastic method of coping.

Question 75

African-American ghetto clients are generally

a. very open and honest with their feelings.
b. the most amenable group in regard to psychotherapeutic
intervention.
c. a and b.
d. not very open with their feelings.

Answer 75

d. not very open with their feelings.

Question 76

Positive transference is to love as negative transference is to hostility,
and as ambivalent transference is to

a. anger.
b. hate.
c. uncertainty.
d. admiration.

Answer 76

c. uncertainty.

Question 77

The word personalism in the context of multicultural counseling means

a. all people must adjust to environmental and geological demands.
b. the counselor must adjust to the client’s cultural mores.
c. a counselor who personalizes the treatment is most effective.
d. biologically speaking, there is no reason why humans must
adjust to environmental demands.

Answer 77

a. all people must adjust to environmental and geological demands.

Question 78

A client whose counselor pushes the alloplastic viewpoint may believe his counselor is simply

a. too Rogerian.
b. attacking the system.
c. too Freudian.
d. too cognitive.

Answer 78

b. attacking the system.

Question 79

Good multicultural counselors are

a. flexible.
b. rigid.
c. utilize Eric Berne’s transactional analysis (TA), Fritz Perl’s
Gestalt therapy and/or William Glasser’s reality therapy in
nearly every case.
d. generally behavioristic.

Answer 79

a. flexible.

Question 80

A client remarks, “Hey, I’m Black and it’s nearly impossible to
hide it.” This is illustrative of the fact that

a. race is not the same as ethnicity.
b. African Americans struggle when expressing feelings.
c. a connotative impediment exists.
d. severe ambivalent transference exists.

Answer 80

a. race is not the same as ethnicity.

Question 81

Experts in the field of multicultural counseling feel that the counselor’s training

a. must come from an APA-approved graduate program.
b. must come from a CACREP-approved graduate program.
c. should be broad and interdisciplinary.
d. need not include REBT.

Answer 81

c. should be broad and interdisciplinary.

Question 82

Doing cross-cultural counseling

a. makes counselors increasingly aware of cultural differences.
b. allows counselors to see that culture is merely a matter of
semantics.
c. is different since clients are more likely to return for help
after the fi rst session.
d. allows counselors to ignore the concept of pluralism.

Answer 82

a. makes counselors increasingly aware of cultural differences.

Question 83

F. H. Allport created the concept of social facilitation. According
to this theory, an individual who is given the task of memorizing
a list of numbers will

a. perform better if he or she is alone.
b. perform better if he or she is part of a group.
c. perform better if he or she has undergone psychotherapy.
d. perform better if he or she is an auditory learner.

Answer 83

b. perform better if he or she is part of a group.

Question 84

In social psychology, the sleeper effect asserts that

a. sleep learning facilitates social skills.
b. after a period of time, one forgets the communicator but
remembers the message.
c. after a period of time, one remembers the communicator
but forgets the message.
d. REM sleep facilitates insight.

Answer 84

b. after a period of time, one forgets the communicator but

remembers the message.

Question 85

In 1908, books by _______ helped to introduce social psychology
in America.

a. Moreno and Yalom
b. Holland and Roe
c. Barber and Salter
d. McDougall and Ross

Answer 85

d. McDougall and Ross

Question 86

_______ is associated with obedience and authority.

a. Stanley Milgram, a noted psychologist,
b. Arthur Janov, who created Primal Scream therapy,
c. A. T. Beck, a cognitive therapy pioneer,
d. Robert Harper, a pioneer in the REBT bibliotherapy
movement,

Answer 86

a. Stanley Milgram, a noted psychologist,

Question 87

Milgram discovered that normal people would administer seemingly
fatal electric shocks to others when instructions to do so were given by a person perceived as

a. a peer.
b. an equal.
c. an individual from another culture.
d. an authority figure.

Answer 87

d. an authority figure.

Question 88

The tendency to affiliate with others

a. is highest in the middle child.
b. is highest in dysthymics.
c. is highest in firstborns and only children,
d. is based on hormonal output.

Answer 88

c. is highest in firstborns and only children,

Question 89

A client tells his counselor that he has a choice of entering one of two prestigious PhD counseling programs. Kurt Lewin would call this an

a. approach–avoidance conflict.
b. approach–approach confict.
c. avoidance–avoidance conflict.
d. avoidance vector.

Answer 89

b. approach–approach confict.

Question 90

When a person has two negative alternatives, it is called an

a. approach–approach conflict.
b. approach vector.
c. avoidance–avoidance conflict.
d. avoidance cohesiveness.

Answer 90

c. avoidance–avoidance conflict.

Question 91

A male client tells his counselor that he is attracted to a gorgeous
woman who is violent and chemically dependent. This creates
an

a. approach–avoidance conflict.
b. avoidance–avoidance conflict.
c. avoidance of life space.
d. approach affi liation.

Answer 91

a. approach–avoidance conflict.

Question 92

According to Charles Osgood and Percey Tannenbaum’s congruity
theory, a client will accept suggestions more readily if

a. the client likes the counselor.
b. the client dislikes the counselor.
c. the client distrusts the counselor.
d. the counselor is in a higher economic bracket.

Answer 92

a. the client likes the counselor.

Question 93

An adept multicultural counselor

a. generally believes in the melting pot concept.
b. has a strong ethnocentric worldview.
c. will not ask the client for information related to religion or level of faith development.
d. usually supports the salad bowl model of diversity.

Answer 93

d. usually supports the salad bowl model of diversity.

Question 94

A classic experiment in social psychology was conducted by the
social psychologist Muzafer Sherif et al. at the boys’ summer camp near Robbers Cave, Oklahoma. The important finding in
this study was that

a. most people cooperate in a social setting.
b. competition plays a small role in most of our lives.
c. a and b.
d. a cooperative goal can bring two hostile groups together,thus reducing competition and enhancing cooperation.

Answer 94

d. a cooperative goal can bring two hostile groups together,thus reducing competition and enhancing cooperation.

Question 95

Sex role stereotyping would imply that

a. a counselor would only consider traditional feminine careers
for his female client.
b. a male counselor would rate a female client’s emotional
status differently than he would a male client’s.
c. female clients are treated the same as male clients.
d. choices a and b.

Answer 95

d. choices a and b.

Question 96

The statement, “Whites are better than Blacks,” illustrates

a. a weakening of the caste system in the U.S.
b. racism.
c. sexism.
d. codependency.

Answer 96

b. racism.

Question 97

In terms of research related to affiliation

a. misery loves miserable company.
b. firstborns are more likely to affiliate than other children
born later.
c. people affiliate in an attempt to lower fear.
d. all of the above.

Answer 97

d. all of the above.

Question 98

Six persons attend a counseling group. After the group, five
members praise the merits of a group activity assigned by the
group leader. The sixth person, who has heard the opinion of the
other five people, felt the activity was useless and boring. According
to studies on social behavior, about one third of the time
the sixth individual would most likely tell the other five that

a. he totally disagreed with their assessment.
b. he too felt the group activity was very helpful.
c. he really wasn’t certain how he felt about the activity.
d. a and c.

Answer 98

b. he too felt the group activity was very helpful.

Question 99

The client who would most likely engage in introspection would
be a

a. 52-year-old single African-American male school administrator.
b. 49-year-old Caucasian homeless male.
c. 40-year-old divorced Caucasian female who is out of work
and has three children.
d. 19- year-old Hispanic mother on welfare with two children.

Answer 99

a. 52-year-old single African-American male school administrator.

Question 100

A Japanese client who was reluctant to look you in the eye during
her counseling session would most likely be displaying

a. severe negative transference.
b. positive transference.
c. normal behavior within the context of her culture.
d. ambivalent transference.

Answer 100

c. normal behavior within the context of her culture.