Social and personality Flashcards
(40 cards)
What is Freud’s stage of psychosexual development for middle childhood?
- latency stage
- ages 6-12
- development of defense mechanisms
- form emotional bonds with peers and to move beyond those that were developed with parents in earlier years
What is Eriksons psychosocial stage for middle childhood?
- industry versus inferiority stage
- ages 6-12
- gain: competence, children develop a sense of their own competence through mastery of culturally defined learning tasks
- cultural skills and norms, school skills and tool use
What are the big five personality traits?
a set of five major dimensions of personality – extraversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, neuroticism, and openness/intellect
- contribute to development of feelings of competence
What personality types emerged from the study of the big five personality traits?
- average
- reserved
- self-centred
- role model
What are the qualities and temperament components of extraversion?
- qualities: active, assertive, enthusiatic, outgoing
- temperament: high activity level, sociability, positive emotionality, talkativeness
What are the qualities and temperament components of agreeableness?
- qualities: affectionate, forgiving, generous, kind, sympathetic, trusting
- temperament: high approach/positive emotionality, effortful control
What are the qualities and temperament components of conscientiousness?
- qualities: efficient, organized, prudent, reliable, responsible
- temperament: effortful control/task persistence
What are the qualities and temperament components of neuroticism (emotional instability)?
- qualities: anxious, self-pitying, tense, touchy, unstable, worrying
- temperament: negative emotionality, irritability
What are the qualities and temperament components of openness/intellect?
- qualities: artistic, curious, imaginative, insightful, original, having wide interests
- temperament: approach new situations and people, low inhibition
What is reciprocal determinism? Who created this term?
- Bandura proposed that personal, behavioural, and environmental factors interact in a pattern he termed reciprocal determinism
- provides us with a more comprehensive understanding of the mechanisms that drive the development of self-efficacy, which is the child’s self-perceived competence
what is self-efficacy?
- an individual’s belief in his or her capacity to cause an intended event to occur
- reflects confidence in the ability to exert control over one’s own motivation, behavior, and social environment
What new components of self-concept does a child development by the end of middle childhood?
- psychological self
- valued self
- ages 6-12
What is psychological self?
- an understanding of one’s stable, internal traits
- more complex, more comparative, less tied to external features, and more centred on feelings and ideas
- includes self-efficacy
What are influences of self-efficacy?
- peer models: seeing others do it, they want to do it too
- Encouragement from knowledgeable people that children value and respect
- individual’s real-life experiences are a key influence
What is the valued self?
- developing self-esteem and meaningfulness
What is self-esteem?
- global evaluation of one’s own self worth
- what we think and feel about ourselves
How does self-esteem develop?
- Both a low perceived discrepancy between the ideal and actual selves and social support are needed to influence self-esteem
- What you care about impacts self-esteem (don’t care = no impact)
- Include optimism: change the way you think of yourself may increase self-esteem
What is part of meaningfulness?
- kind of part spiritual self
- little amount of spiritual education that preadolescents are exposed to commonly focuses more on truisms and facts than on learning to trust one’s intuition and emotions
- A strong sense of spirituality may help shape children’s perceptions of, and answer questions about, the meaning of life, which can impact their mental health and well-being
What are the changes of social cognition in middle childhood?
- enhanced by theory of mind in early childhood
- children have developed a much broader understanding of others than they possessed at its beginning and are beginning to understand the moral aspects of social relationships
What do children focus on at age 6-7 when describing others?
focus almost exclusively on external features such as what the person looks like, where he lives, and what he does
What happens at age 7-8 when describing others?
focus more on the inner traits or qualities of another person and to assume that those traits will still be visible in many situations
What is moral reasoning?
process of making judgments about the rightness or wrongness of specific acts
How does the social cognitive changes during middle childhood impact moral reasoning?
Children’s growing understanding of the internal experiences of other people helps them develop a better understanding of how they and others think about actions that have moral implications
What did Piaget notice in middle childhood?
- less understanding of a game’s rules
- leads to two-stage theory of moral development
