Social change

Question 1

What enlightenment principle was retained ?

Answer 1

• Meritocracy

Question 2

When did Napoleon crown himself Emperor ?

Answer 2

• 2nd December 1804

Question 3

What was the Legion d’Honneur and when was it established ?

Answer 3

• The legion d’Honneur was an award given for loyalty (largely military
• 32,000 awards made until 1814 yet only 1,500 went to civilians
• 5% went to civilians
• Est 1802

Question 4

What were the Knights of the Empire ?

Answer 4

• Title which was made hereditary after three generations of recipients
• Est 1808

Question 5

When and what titles did Napoleon give his family ?

Answer 5

• Brothers in 1804 and 1806

- 1807 : His sister, adopted son and uncle

Question 6

What was the imperial nobility and when was it established ?

Answer 6

• 1808

- Creation of a new nobility class (ministers, senators, high ranking officials and some generals)

Question 7

What percentage of titles went to military men and what were the rest given for ?

Answer 7

• 59%

- The rest were given for loyal service to the regime

Question 8

How many of those ennobled by Napoleon were from the Ancien Regime nobility ?

Answer 8

• 22.5%

Question 9

How was the new nobility different from the one from under the regime ?

Answer 9

• only a seventh of the size of the one from 1789

- Primarily linked to service

Question 10

What are the areas of social and religious change ?

Answer 10

• Class distinctions and titles
• Education and women
• censorship and propaganda
• Position of the church

Question 11

What was established in May 1802 ? (education)

Answer 11

• State primary schools (ecole populaire) in each commune

- Lycees to provide secondary education for boys 10-16 (eventually 45 of these) + open scholarship exam

Question 12

What was the purpose of lycees ?

Answer 12

• Empire’s future military and civilian personnel
• run with military discipline
• Appealed to the military elite (1/3) went to the sons of soldiers and civil servants)

Question 13

What was established in March 1808 and what was it responsible for ? (Education)

Answer 13

• The imperial University
• Acted as a supervisory institution which ensured all education conformed to certain standards (helped ensure meritocracy)
• Teacher training, setting up new schools, the curriculum, standardisation and annual reports to Napoleon

Question 14

What was Napoleon’s attitude towards women ?

Answer 14

• They were destined for marriage, the purpose of marriage was for acquiring and transmitting property and conceiving and raising children
• Limited interest in female education

Question 15

What did the civil code of 1804 grant women ?

Answer 15

• Women were granted more control over their own property when they married
• HOWEVER : Divorce law remained unfair and married women were unable to accept inheritance without their husband’s authority

Question 16

How did Napoleon enhance women’s right to divorce ?

Answer 16

• Allowed divorce by mutual consent which was a major step forward

Question 17

When were Parisian newspapers reduced and to how many ?

Answer 17

• Jan 1800 : 73 were reduced to 13 and by the end of the year there were 9
• 1801 only 4 were allowed to publish

Question 18

What were all newspapers subject to ?

Answer 18

• All newspapers were subject to police supervision

- 1809 censors were appointed to each paper and no paper could discuss controversial subjects

Question 19

What was allowed to be published ?

Answer 19

• Official news (issued by Napoleon’s ministers) and military bulletins (written by Napoleon himself)

Question 20

What did a decree in 1808 result in ?

Answer 20

• Reduction of publishing houses from 200 to 60 (remaining 60 had to obtain licences from the police)
• Publishing houses reduced by 30%

Question 21

What was set up in January 1810 ?

Answer 21

• A new censorship board to approve/reject books for publication

Question 22

What was Napoleon’s propaganda ?

Answer 22

• Elements of self-glorification
• ‘The myth of the saviour’ - wanted to be portrayed as the man who brought order out of chaos
• Depicted like an emperor of classic times eg with the imperial eagle

Question 23

How did Napoleon restore the position of the church in France ?

Answer 23

• Dec 1799 : decreed that churches could be open any day of the week and in 1800 declared that Sunday was the day of rest

Question 24

How did Napoleon reconcile with the Pope ?

Answer 24

• The concordat of 15th July 1801 with the catholic church : Pope was recognised as the head of the catholic church, ‘religion of the majority and oath of loyalty was retained

Question 25

What were the organic articles and when were they published ?

Answer 25

• April 1802
• Stated approval had to be given before any papal legate entered France or any papal document was published there
• ALSO guaranteed religious toleration to 700,00 Protestants and 40,000 Jews living in France

Question 26

How ddi relations with the pope decline and what did it result in ?

Answer 26

• Humiliated at Napoleon’s coronation + 1808 French troops occupied Rome and in 1809 Napoleon imprisoned the pope and annexed the papal states to Italy

Question 27

What was the Concordat of Fontainebleau ?

Answer 27

• 1813
• Concordat which was favourable for Napoleon but was never put in to place
• Proposed the Pope should reside in Paris