Social change and transformation Flashcards
(19 cards)
1
Q
How did Vienna enable revolution?
A
- System of international relations based on treaties and international law, creating a period of peace + suppressing movements.
- Political expectations from the experiences of 1789 and the wars of liberation were not fulfilled - allows revolutionary uprisings regarding socioeconomic discontent, constitutional demands and rights of revolution.
2
Q
What is the Industrial Revolution
A
- Raymond Williams = Revolution is used used outside political contexts like new developments - e.g industrial revolution.
- Highlights early British lead, matched in Belgium and north Europe becoming ‘industrial hotlands’.
- Industrialisation across continental Europe is slow, partial and belated - more pronounced after 1848.
3
Q
Characteristics of the Industrial Revolution
A
- Massive investment into industrial development.
- Poorly distributed increase of pro capita income.
- Means of production owned by capitalists over craftsmen - economic and social consequences.
- Market economy of small scale manufacturing competes with industry.
- Constant technological innovation to overcome issues of production.
- Rostow = industrial take off as self-sustained growth, prompted by political or economic stimulus.
4
Q
Historical context:
A
- Capitalism is a developing concept which replaced feudalism as seignorial rights undermined or passed onto non-aristocratic landlords.
- Ideas of a double revolution - connection between French and Industrial Revolution with new political ideas and economic class.
- Rise of agricultural production predates the Rev - rise of consumer goods encourages a money economy over a bartering system.
- Link to colonialism - import of primary materials from imperial conquests and development of slave economy.
5
Q
Britain in the Industrial Revolution
A
- First industrial nation.
- Entrepreneur investment into machines, allowing manufacturing boom in different sectors like cotton.
- 6-7 million = 1789
- 35 million = 1782
-132 million = 1810
6
Q
Rural structures (seizure)
A
- Seizure of noble and church estates by the new French regime - commodified as part of the capitalist economy, creating a new class of independent landowners.
- 1789 - overwhelmingly rural but densely populated with Britain as an outlier in industrialisation.
- Population rise in Europe is 40% between 1800-50 despite the Napoleonic Wars.
7
Q
Negative aspect on agriculture
A
- Focus on agriculture parallels population rise yet faces multiple crises in 1816-17 and 1846-7.
- Irish Famine kills one million and forces another one million to emigrate to the United States.
- Central and Eastern Europe - famine followed by typhus, eliminating several villages. medical advancement allows vaccines, hospitals and sanitation programmes.
- Unequal development in Europe - some worked on their own or worked as serfs under landlords.
- 1820s - overproduction - income of agriculture workers fall while landowners benefit from modernised production methods.
8
Q
Comparison to urban life
A
- 3% of Europe lived in towns and cities in 1800, reached 50% in 1850.
- Dependent on the economically surrounding countryside.
- Centres for education, such as Universities like Bologna allow new ideas and social dynamics to spread.
- Local govt depended on political structures with little representation and rights.
- Market places acted as areas of commerce, including intellectual and cultural goods.
9
Q
Sewell Jr Work and Revolution in France: Context
A
- Mostly an agricultural society than an industrial society - worked in the countryside with a few developments in the factory industry and steam engines.
- Transformed France from a hierarchical spiritual body led by a king into a voluntary association of productive citizens.
- Post-revolution efforts to defend property and foster economic growth -Marx dubbed the July Monarchy as a ‘joint stock company’ exploiting French wealth.
10
Q
SEWELL: 19th century France
A
- Rapid industry expansion and changing production techniques - exercise of human industry founded the social order prioritising economic prosperity.
- J.H Clapham = France ‘never went through an industrial revolution’ like Germany and Britain.
- Grew but no dramatic transformation from rural to urban industrial society. s
11
Q
Sewell: how population growth impacts economic growth
A
- Increased factory production yet it is used less in France than Britain - hence, able to increase output by slow population growth.
- 45% in France compared to Britain (350%) and Germany (250%) from 1816-19 - reduction birth rates rather than high death rates which implied greater resources to share.
- No severe overcrowding - enabled a rise in agricultural production by 29% from 1806-51 and product per employee rose by 38% - explained rural interest in agriculture.
12
Q
Sewell: Cities in France
A
- Moderate growth of French cities - urban growth yet a minority compared to the countryside.
- PARIS = doubled to 1 Million between 1801-1851.
- In comparison, none of ten largest British cities ‘less than doubled’, including London, Manchester and Birmingham.
- 1/2 worked in agriculture in France compared to 1/4 in Britain - unimpressive urbanisation.
13
Q
Sewell: Comparison to Britain who:
A
- Enjoyed large-scale mechanised industry with increasing population to produces large numbers of standardised goods of modest quality.
- France’s wool and cotton market were important, creating textile factories, yet slower expansion of demand.
- Britain enjoyed advantage of their domination of overseas market and expansion of home markets.
- Commercialisation of English farming - adopted new husbandry to maximise profit.
- Independent peasant farmers disappeared, replaced by landless wage-earning labourers.
14
Q
Sewell: France and its domestic markets
A
- Slow urbanisation kept local markets in tact, allowing peasant agriculture to make piecemeal adjustments to slowly rising demands and limited markets’ mass-produced goods.
- Not a failure to imitate British achievements, but rather an appropriate response to the French situation, highlighting limits to factory production.
- ‘economically rational’ to invest in small-scale artisan production because France particularly enjoyed a competitive advantage in ‘highly-skilled, high-quality industries’ in the 18th century - enjoyed highly desirable goods.
15
Q
Sewell: France’s highly desired goods
A
- Success in industrial growth in the 19th century - superiority in high-quality handicrafts.
- Cotton and wool industry - growing centres of factory textile production, specialising in cloth.
- Consequence - artisan workers lived in cities and factory towns.
- Except Saint-Etienne which worked in small-scale and skilled silk ribbons and trimming industry over mining and metal.
- Compared to Britain’s several factory towns in Glasgow, Leeds etc.
16
Q
Sewell: Small vs large scale artisans
A
- Employed in small-scale artisan doubled than large-scale industry in 1876 for both national, international and local use.
- Disproved idea that small scale and large-scale were antagonistic:
+ Growth of factories employed artisans in the first 2/3 of century.
+ Competed in textiles - factory production manned by unskilled labourer and depriving rural women of hand weaving but it did not supplant artisans due to increased demand for skilled metal workers.
17
Q
Sewell: artisans and sewers in the cotton industry
A
- Slower British fall due to moderate French growth via introducing power looms - difficult to adapt to fine clothes specialised by French.
- Seemingly successful transition for handloom weavers to employment in factories - eliminated in both France/Britain.
- Skilled textile workers were mainly rural domestic weavers - isolated, physically and culturally, from urban artisans.
- Lacked corporate tradition and rarely formed structured labour organisations - inconsistent strikes = separate from working-class movement.
18
Q
Sewell: Experience of widespread tensions
A
- Number of journeymen working in trades prevented workers’ control over the labour market - skilled level or working conditions.
- Innovations in organisation of production and marketing - shifted from custom to confection, allowing greater division of labour and less skill.
- these changes in the organisation of artisan trades derived from changes in the ‘legal framework during the French revolution…a growth of the market’. (159-160)
19
Q
Sewell: changes in organisation of production and declining wages
A
- Jacques Rougeries’ observations in Paris - real wages per capita consumption rose from 1810 to a peak in 1820s, falling steadily to below their initial level in the 1840s.
- ow workers wages contrasted with the July Monarchy’s ‘pious espousal of economic expansion and private investment’.
- ‘Industry was no longer scorned as the badge of vileness.. exalted as the foundation of the social order.’ yet the govt protects property over labour - ‘subject to the market’. (161)
