Social class & Education

Question 1

Bernstein

Answer 1

claimed that working-class speakers used a restricted code of language, which related to the here and now, whilst middle class speakers used an elaborated code, which was more explicit and independent of context.

Question 2

Features of restricted code

Answer 2

Non standard, narrow vocabulary, working class, incorrect use of grammar and use of gestures

Question 3

Features of elaborative code

Answer 3

standard, wide range of vocabulary, complex sentences and middle class

Question 4

Communities of practice

Answer 4

describes people coming together for a particular purpose, and establishing ways of doing things and of interacting in order to achieve that shared purpose

Question 5

Lave & Wenger (1991)

Answer 5

identified three crucial strands: Mutual engagement, which involves regular interaction, based around a joint negotiated enterprise and with group members using a shared repertoire

Question 6

Pragmatic rules

Answer 6

the unspoken rules that operate in interactions between people who share a common understanding

Question 7

Milroy (Belfast)

Answer 7

members of a speech community are connected to each other in social networks which may be relatively closed or open.