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social cognition Flashcards

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1
Q

Heuristics

A

Mental shortcuts and other strategies to reduce cognitive load in decision making

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2
Q

Representative Heuristic

A

Judgement of probability that object A belongs to class B by similarity and resemblance

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3
Q

Errors in Representative Heuristic

A

Overlooking

a. Base rate probability
b. Sample size
c. Effect of chance

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4
Q

Adjustment and Anchoring

A

Estimating the value by anchoring on an actual value and then making adjustments

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5
Q

Availability Heuristic

A

Judgement of the probability of an event depends on ease of retrieval of information (instances of events)

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6
Q

Availability Heuristic is affected by

A

a. Retrievability (familiarity or salience of info)
b. Effectiveness of search
c. Imaginability (easier to imagine, the more available it is)

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7
Q

In-group inflation

A

To what extent you think your group has contributed to history

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8
Q

Parochial knowledge Bias

A

Historical events involving in-group can be assessed with more fluency

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9
Q

Three predictions of week 8 availability heuristic paper

A
  1. Parochial knowledge should exist in memory
  2. Degree of parochial knowledge correlates with in-group inflation
  3. In-group inflation should attenuate if we equate the relative accessibility with in- and out-group events (make out-group events more accessible, while leaving in-group alone)
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10
Q

Fluency Test

A

List out important historical events (in-state and out-state for experiment 1 but only out-state in experiment 2)

  • generally, in-state participants can list more events than out-state
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11
Q

When are heuristics used?

A
  • familiar domains
  • approach emotions
  • unimportant tasks
  • when accuracy is not important
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12
Q

Prospect Theory: Gain Frame

A

Risk averse — don’t take the risk, prefer a sure outcome

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13
Q

Prospect Theory: Loss Frame

A

Risk seeking — already at a loss, not much left to lose, would have more to gain instead so rather choose the one with at least some chance of gain

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14
Q

Subjective Value Function

A

The amount of psychological impact that a certain amount of gain vs loss has on an individual

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15
Q

Subjective Value Function: Gain vs Loss

A

Steeper for losses, loss has a more significant SVF compared to gain

In general, people are loss averse, they rather not lose

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16
Q

Role of the Unconscious

A

Better when we are distracted but we know that we are going to be asked about it again later.

Because, unconscious is not limited by cognitive capacity, allows us to organise information

Also see an increase in clustering — organisation of information

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17
Q

Heider, Social Inferences

A

Humans have a natural tendency to explain behaviours using human-like traits

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18
Q

Common Sense Psychology

A

People ascribe causes to others’ actions

a. Person — Traits, character, disposition, motivation
b. Situation

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19
Q

Personal Causality

A

Intentional

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20
Q

Impersonal Causality

A

No intention, on accident or due to the situation

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21
Q

Kelly, Social Inferences

A

Discounting and Augmentation principle

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22
Q

Discounting Principle

A

Aware of multiple plausible causes of behaviour but the presence of a facilitation cause leads all other plausible causes to be discounted

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23
Q

Facilitative Cause

A

Cause that is present that is sufficient in promoting the behaviour

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24
Q

Augmentation Principle

A

Presence of an inhibitory cause would augment the perceived role of the facilitative cause

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25
Inhibitory Cause
Something that would prevent the behaviour from occurring
26
Consistency
Actor behaves the same way, towards the same stimulus, *all the time*
27
Distinctiveness
Actor behaves the same way, toward *other stimuli*
28
Consensus
*Other people* behave the same way, toward the same stimulus
29
Internal Attribution (Consistency, Distinctiveness, Consensus)
Consistency: High Distinctiveness: Low Consensus: Low
30
External Attribution (Consistency, Distinctiveness, Consensus)
Consistency: High Distinctiveness: High Consensus: High
31
Correspondence Bias (Fundamental Attribution Error)
Tendency to infer other people’s behaviour as corresponding to their disposition, hence underestimating situational influences
32
Spontaneous Trait Inference
Behaviour leads to a trait inference - without the perceiver’s awareness - and in the absence of an explicit intention
33
Relearning (in STI)
Info that is already learned (or inferred by yourself) and stored in memory is easier to learn again
34
Reaction Time (Probe Recognition, in STI)
RT to affirm the presence of accessible information should be faster — judging if an implied word was in the sentence
35
Moral Evaluation
1. Responsibility attribution 2. Blame assignment When the outcome could have been different/avoided, tend to put more blame on the person even if they are not responsible
36
Attitudes
Evaluative feelings and thoughts
37
Implicit Attitudes
- Involuntary, uncontrollable, unconscious - Stems from experience, affective - IAT
38
Explicit Attitudes
- Conscious endorsement - Reflect more recent, accessible events - Self-report
39
Embodiment
Attitudes are embodied, tied to bodily experience | Valence stimuli elicits valence-compatible actions — positive leads to approach & negative leads to avoidance
40
3 components of Attitude Structure
Affective Behavioural Cognitive
41
Affective
emotion, values, no logical/rational basis
42
Behavioural
actions, observing your own behaviour, initial attitude is weak or ambiguous and can develop into affective or cognitive evaluations
43
Cognitive
thoughts and beliefs, pros and cons
44
Functions of Attitude
1. Objective appraisal 2. Value expressive function 3. Social adjustment
45
Objective Appraisal
Make sense of the world, to know what is good or bad, know to approach rewards and avoid pain
46
Value Expressive Function
Demonstrate personal standards, values and orientations instead of always relying on others and conforming to social norms
47
Social Adjustment
Promote social belonging and interpersonal priorities
48
MODE Model
Motivation and Opportunity as DEterminants - a dual process model Motivation and opportunity determine which process drives behaviour - situation automatically activates pre-existing attitudes = spontaneous - given motivation and opportunity = deliberative
49
Curvilinear Relationship
Peak at very high certainty, Bottom out at moderate certainty and shows a Slight uptick at very Low certainty As certainty decreases, advocacy decreases, but at very Low certainty, there is a slight uptick in advocacy, depicting a J-shaped curve
50
Cognitive Dissonance
When there is attitude-behaviour inconsistency
51
Elaboration Likelihood Model
a. Central route - in-depth, thoughtful analysis - quality and strength of arguments are important b. Peripheral route - emotion - attractiveness, popularity and expertise are important
52
Which route to take in ELM?
Motivation: relevance, need for cognition Ability: time, knowledge, complexity
53
Heuristic-Systematic Model
Heuristic: simple rules-of-thumb, depend on conclusion to be persuaded Systematic: detailed processing of message content
54
Which route to take in HSM?
Involvement, likability, number of arguments
55
Similarities between ELM and HSM
Route to take is dependent on cognitive capacity and motivation, takes into account the least effort assumption Motivation: relevance, attractiveness — involvement, likability Cognitive capacity: ability (time, knowledge, complexity) —number of arguments
56
Differences in ELM and HSM
ELM: mutually exclusive, either central or peripheral HSM: can co-occur ELM: central route is fuelled by need to be accurate peripheral route does not address motives HSM: no overriding motives, instead takes into account other motives accuracy, defensive, impression), same motive can affect both processing modes
57
Stereotypes
Generalised beliefs associating a group with certain traits Cognitive in nature, thoughts can be positive or negative - groupness, humanness, valence
58
Groupness
Idea of a coherent entity (uniform, skin colour etc)
59
Humanness
Beliefs of groups vary in degree of human essence attributed to the groups animals — robots
60
Dehumanisation
Beliefs that minimise the humanness of a group - denial of unique and typical human nature - viewed as robot-like
61
Infrahumanisation
Less-than-human perception of emotions, “believe” that a group is unable to feel more complex emotions (secondary emotions) - viewed as animals
62
Stereotype Content Model
1. Are the others’ goals aligned with mine? — yes = warm | 2. What are the others’ capability in outshining those goals? — competence
63
Cognitive Process in Stereotyping
Categorisation Prototypicality Group homogeneity
64
Categorisation
Can be objective or subjective In-group vs out-group Sense of belonging
65
Prototypicality
Members of a category are seen to possess prototypical characteristics of the group — the average look of the group
66
Group homogeneity
Consequence of categorisation | Group members are perceived as more similar, disregard uniqueness of each individual
67
Prejudice
Negative feelings toward members of a group based solely on group membership Affective component Influenced by stereotypes
68
Dual Process Model of Stereotyping
Automatic: activated by situational cues - situation primes stereotypes Controlled: apply stereotypes in behaviours and judgements - what do you do with the thought, do you act on it?
69
Saying-is-believing
Communicators end up remembering and believing what they said rather than what they originally learned
70
Congruent
Both automatic and controlled processes lead to the same response
71
Incongruent
Both automatic and controlled processes lead to a different response
72
Shared reality
Serves to establish the reliability and validity of representations, have a common understanding
73
Conditions that facilitate construction of shared reality
1. Uncertainty | 2. Ambivalence
74
Function of shared reality
1. Epistemic function | 2. Social function
75
Epistemic
Want to know that the world is consistent, stable and predictable
76
Social Tuning
Adjustment of our attitudes and behaviours to others to achieve social consensus

social cognition (1 decks)

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