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VCE Psychology 1/2 > Social cognition > Flashcards

Social cognition Flashcards

(73 cards)

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1
Q

What is actor-observer bias?

A

The tendency to attribute one’s own behaviour to external or situational factors, while attributing others’ behaviour to internal or personal factors.

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2
Q

What is anti-conformity?

A

The deliberate refusal to comply with accepted standards in a society, often accompanied by the expression of ideas, beliefs, or judgments that challenge those standards.

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3
Q

What is affect heuristic?

A

Making a judgment that is influenced by the emotion being experienced at the time.

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4
Q

What is the affective component of an attitude?

A

In the tricomponent model, the emotional reaction or feeling an individual has towards an object, person, group, event, or issue.

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5
Q

What is aggregation?

A

A collection of people in one location who have no obvious social structure or organisation, and who have minimal shared purpose.

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6
Q

What is anchoring bias?

A

Cognitive bias influencing the tendency to rely heavily on the very first piece of information received (called the anchor) when making a decision.

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7
Q

What is attentional bias?

A

Cognitive bias influencing the tendency to prioritise attention to certain information (or other stimuli) over other information.

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8
Q

What is an attitude?

A

An evaluation a person makes about an object, person, group, event, or issue.

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9
Q

What is the behavioural component of an attitude?

A

In the tricomponent model of attitudes, the way in which an attitude is expressed through our actions.

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10
Q

What is body language?

A

Non-verbal communication involving expression of feelings and thoughts through facial expressions, eye gaze, posture, gestures or other movements.

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11
Q

What is cognitive bias?

A

A mistaken way of thinking that leads to systematic errors of judgment and faulty decision-making.

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12
Q

What is the cognitive component?

A

Our thoughts and beliefs towards something.

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13
Q

What is cognitive dissonance?

A

An unpleasant psychological state that occurs when people become aware of inconsistency among their beliefs, attitudes, or behaviours.

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14
Q

What is cognitive intervention in relation to reducing prejudice?

A

Changing the way someone thinks about prejudice.

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15
Q

What is conformity?

A

The alignment of one’s thoughts, feelings, or behaviour to match those of others or societal expectations.

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16
Q

What is compliance?

A

Changing one’s behaviour in response to a request to do so, even if not made by an authority figure.

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17
Q

What is constructive obedience?

A

When there is compliance with the orders of an authority that results in a positive outcome.

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18
Q

What is attribution?

A

The process by which we explain the cause of our own or another person’s behaviour.

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19
Q

What is availability heuristic?

A

Making a judgment based on how easy or difficult it is to bring specific examples to mind.

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20
Q

What is deindividuation?

A

Reduced self-awareness, inhibition, feelings of personal responsibility and inner restraint that can occur when in a group or crowd.

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21
Q

What is destructive obedience?

A

When there is compliance with the orders of an authority that results in a negative outcome.

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22
Q

What is direct discrimination?

A

When someone treats another person unfavourably because of a personal characteristic protected by the law.

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23
Q

What is discrimination?

A

The unjust treatment of people due to their membership within a certain social category.

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24
Q

What is the Dunning-Kruger effect?

A

Cognitive bias whereby people overestimate their knowledge or ability, particularly in areas with which they have little to no knowledge or experience.

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25
What is external attribution?
A judgement of the causes of a behaviour as resulting from forces outside the individual performing the behaviour.
26
What is explicit prejudice?
Consciously held and usually deliberately thought about.
27
What is expressive behaviour?
An overt expression of behaviour which communicates an emotion.
28
What is false-consensus bias?
Cognitive bias influencing the tendency to overestimate the extent to which other people are like them in terms of sharing beliefs, personal characteristics or behaviours.
29
What is the fundamental attribution error?
The tendency to overemphasise personal characteristics and ignore situational factors when judging the behaviour of others.
30
What is a group?
Two or more people who interact and influence each other and share a common objective.
31
What is groupthink?
A way of thinking by individual members of a group characterised by a strong tendency to seek agreement when decision-making or problem-solving.
32
What is the halo effect?
The tendency to allow an overall positive impression of a person or a specific quality to influence beliefs and expectations about the person in other qualities.
33
What is a heuristic?
A strategy for solving a problem or making a decision that is based on experience with similar types of problems but cannot guarantee a correct outcome.
34
What is hindsight bias?
Cognitive bias influencing the tendency, only after an event has occurred, to overestimate the extent to which the outcome could have been foreseen.
35
What is informational influence?
The influence of observable behaviours and information on an individual, influencing their behaviour in certain situations or environments.
36
What is internal attribution?
A judgement of the causes of a behaviour as resulting from features of the individual performing the behaviour.
37
What is implicit prejudice?
Prejudice that is unconsciously held so the individual is usually unaware of it.
38
What is ingroup?
Any group to which an individual belongs or with which an individual identifies.
39
What is indirect discrimination?
Unreasonable requirement, condition or practice that disadvantages a person, or a group of people, because of a personal characteristic.
40
What is just-world belief?
The belief that the world is a just place in which people generally get what they deserve and deserve what they get.
41
What is media?
The form in which information is spread throughout society.
42
What is the misinformation effect?
Cognitive bias influencing the tendency for information acquired after an event to influence the accuracy of the memory of the original event.
43
What is modern prejudice?
A form of prejudice which tends to be subtle, hidden and expressed in ways more likely to be accepted within the majority group.
44
What is normative influence?
The influence of social norms on an individual, influencing a person to act in certain ways which align with social norms.
45
What is obedience?
Adhering to the instructions of authority figures or the rules or laws of society.
46
What is overt bullying?
Visible forms of bullying, such as causing physical harm or name calling.
47
What is old-fashioned prejudice?
A form of prejudice in which members of the majority group openly reject minority group members and their views towards the minority group are obvious and recognisable to others.
48
What is optimism bias?
Cognitive bias influencing the tendency to overestimate the likelihood of experiencing positive events and underestimate the likelihood of experiencing negative events in the future.
49
What is outgroup?
Any group to which an individual does not belong or identify.
50
What are personal factors in helping?
Influences on helping that stem from within the individual who is or is not going to help.
51
What is person perception?
The mental processes used to think about and evaluate other people.
52
What is a physical cue in person perception?
Information gained from the way people look and act.
53
What is power?
The extent to which an individual can influence or control another individual’s thoughts, feelings and behaviour.
54
What is prejudice?
A negative feeling held against people within a certain group or social category.
55
What is prosocial behaviour?
Behaviour that is intentionally and voluntarily performed in order to help another person or society.
56
What is a role?
The behaviour adopted by an individual or assigned to them that influences the way in which they function.
57
What is salience in person perception?
Any personal characteristic that is distinctive, prominent, conspicuous or noticeable and therefore attracts attention.
58
What is self-serving bias?
When judging ourselves, the tendency to take the credit for our successes and attribute failures to external situational factors.
59
What is social categorisation?
The process of classifying people into different groups on the basis of common characteristics.
60
What are situational factors?
Elements of the environment or context a person is in that influences whether they help.
61
What is the bystander effect?
The social psychological phenomenon which suggests that the presence (or imagined presence) of other people in an emergency situation reduces the likelihood that someone will provide help.
62
What is social behaviour?
Any action that is influenced, directly or indirectly, by the actual, imagined, expected, or implied presence of others.
63
What is social cognition?
How individuals perceive, think about and use information to understand and make judgments about themselves and others in different social situations.
64
What is social comparison?
The process of evaluating our attitudes and abilities by comparing ourselves to others.
65
What are social factors on helping?
Influences on helping that stem from other people and societal expectations.
66
What is social loafing?
The tendency to put in less effort when in a group than a person would when alone.
67
What is social media?
Types of media that allow people to interact with others.
68
What are social norms?
Society’s unofficial rules and expectations regarding how we ought to act that most people follow without thinking.
69
What is status?
An individual’s position within a group as perceived by other members of that group.
70
What is a stereotype?
A widely held belief and generalisation about a group of people.
71
What is a superordinate goal?
A goal that cannot be achieved by any one group alone and overrides other existing goals which each group might have.
72
What is the tri-component model of attitudes?
A model which illustrates the relationship between the affective, behavioural and cognitive components of our attitudes.
73
What is unanimity?
Complete agreement among two or more individuals.

VCE Psychology 1/2 (4 decks)

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