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Social & cultural diversity Flashcards

(56 cards)

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1
Q

Cross-cultural counseling/Multicultural counseling

A

Counseling a client from a different social and/or cultural background

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2
Q

Culture

A

Customs , values, attitudes, beliefs, language, etc. shared by a group.

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3
Q

Cultural conflict

A

Experience of conflict due to belonging to 2 cultures OR difficulties of 2 cultures in same area

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4
Q

Macroculture

A

The majority or dominant culture

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5
Q

Cultural relativity

A

Something that may only reassessed as good/bad in context of a given culture

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6
Q

Albert Bandura

A

Social learning theory/observational learning theory

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7
Q

Observational learning theory

A

Stated that children learn through observation

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8
Q

Leon Festinger

A

Interpersonal attraction factors, theory of social comparison, & cognitive dissonance theory

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9
Q

Interpersonal attraction factors

A

Close proximity
Physical attraction
Similar beliefs

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10
Q

Propinquity

A

Tendency for individuals in close proximity to be attracted to each other

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11
Q

Daniel Levinson

A

Theory of adult development, idea of midlife crisis, & stage-crisis view

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12
Q

Theory of adult development

A 
Early adult transition
Entering adult world
Age 30 transition 
Settling down
Mid-life transition
Entering middle adulthood
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13
Q

Stable period

A

person makes crucial life choices

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14
Q

Transitional period

A

End of one stage and beginning of next stage

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15
Q

Contextualism

A

Behavior must be assessed in the context of the culture in which the behavior occurs

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16
Q

Dollard & Miller

A

Frustration-aggression theory

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17
Q

Cognitive dissonance theory/balance theory

A

Festinger. People strive for consistency/balance in terms of their belief systems. Attempt to reduce/eliminate inconsistent beliefs and move towards consistency.

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18
Q

Mores

A

Beliefs regarding the rightness or wrongness of behavior, which is decided by a group. Generally more severe.

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19
Q

Clemont Vontress

A

Created ideas about multicultural counseling

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20
Q

Universal culture/human culture

A

Needs across all cultures such as food,water, etc.

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21
Q

Ecological culture

A

Norms developed for practical and survival behavior related to climate or resources

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22
Q

National culture

A

Official language, stated view, and central government of country

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23
Q

Holophrases

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A

1-2 word sentences spoken around the age of 1

24
Q

Emory Bogardus

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A

Social distance scale, which measured how individual felt towards other ethnic groups

25
"Foot in the Door" technique
Asking for a small favor and then asking for a bigger favor
26
"Door in the face" technique
Asking for a large favor and then asking for smaller more reasonable request
27
Society
Self-perpetuating group which occupies a definitive territory
28
Ethnocentrism
use own culture's view as a standard of reference, view own culture as superior
29
Acculturation
Ethnic and racial minorities integrate/adopt culture beliefs and customs from majority of dominant culture
30
Assimilation
A high level of acculturation where the individual becomes part of the majority culture
31
Modal personality
typical personality of a group
32
Terminal decline
dramatic decrease in intellectual functioning that occurs in the last 5 years of life
33
Cognitive dissonance
Person looks for things consistent with his or her behavior and dismisses ideas inconsistent with the behavior
34
Carl Rogers
Believed person-centered therapy to be a good model for cross cultural counseling
35
Therapeutic surrender
Person develops enough trust to "surrender" to the counselor despite being from another culture
36
Assimilation-contrast theory
A client will perceive a counselor's statements somewhat like his or her own beliefs as more similar/perceive dissimilar as more dissimilar
37
Connotation
emotional content of a word, which is different from the dictionary term
38
Emic
Insiders perception of a culture. Used by multicultural counselors to acknowledge unique differences
39
Etic
View that all humans are equal, belief that the same theory can be applied to all cultures
40
Alloplastic
Coping is best achieved by changing external factor
41
Autoplastic
Change comes from within
42
Personalism
All people must adjust to environmental and geological demands. Counselor should view person as someone who learned a set of survival skills rather than a "diseased" patient
43
Pluralism
Person retains traditions and differences yet cooperate in new culture
44
Social facilitation (Allport)
Individuals increase memory performance in a group even without interaction
45
Sleeper effect
After a period of time, one forgets the communicator but remembers the message
46
McDougall & Ross
Hormic psychology (behavior is typically goal-oriented)
47
Stanley Schacter
Stated that firstborns and only children feel need to affiliate with others
48
Kurt Lewin
Conflict theory which resulted in frustrations (3 types of conflict: approach-approach, approach-avoidance, avoidance-avoidance)
49
Approach-approach conflict
Presented with 2 attractive options
50
Approach-avoidance conflict
Something with a positive and negative factor
51
Avoidance-avoidance
2 negative options
52
Melting pot concept
Inaccurate concept which states different cultures assimilate into the dominant culture
53
Salad bowl model
People mix but retain unique identity
54
Robbers Cave Experiment
2 groups that were originally hostile towards each other are given a goal that required cooperation. Resulted in decreased competition.
55
Caste system
implies fixed layers of superiority in society
56
Theory of social comparison
People need to compare self to others in order to assess own abilities. Tendency to compare self to those like us.

NCE (3 decks)

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