Social Development

Question 1

Psychic Energy

Answer 1

Frued’s term for the collection of biologically baed instinctual drives that he believed fuel behaviour thoughts, and feelings

Question 2

Erogenous Zones

Answer 2

in Freud’s theory, areas of the body that become erotically sensitive in successive stages of development

Question 3

Id

Answer 3

in psychoanalytic theory, the earliest and more primitive personality structure, it is unconscious and operates with the goal of seeking pleasure

Question 4

Oral Stage

Answer 4

in the first stage in Freud’s theory, occurring in the 1st year, in which the primary source of satisfaction and pleasure is oral activity

Question 5

Ego

Answer 5

in psychoanalytic theory, the second personality structure to develop, it is rational, logical, problem-solving component of personality

Question 6

Anal Stage

Answer 6

the second stage in Feud’s theory, lasting from the 2nd year through the 3rd year, in which the primary source of pleasure comes from defecation

Question 7

Phallic Stage

Answer 7

the third stage in Feud’s theory, lasting from age 3 to age 6, in which sexual pleasure is focused on the genitalia

Question 8

Superego

Answer 8

in psychoanalytic theory, the third personality structure, consisting of internalized moral standards

Question 9

Internalization

Answer 9

the process of adopting as one’s own the attributes, beliefs, and standards of another person

Question 10

Oedipus Complex

Answer 10

Freud’s term for the conflict experienced by boys in the phallic period because of their sexual desire for their mother and their fear of retaliation by their father

Question 11

Electra Complex

Answer 11

Freud’s term for the conflict experienced by girls in the phallic stage when they develop unacceptable romantic feelings for their father and see their mother as a rival

Question 12

Latency Period

Answer 12

the fourth stage in Freud’s theory, lasting from age 6 to age 12, in which sexual energy gets channeled into socially acceptable activities

Question 13

Genital Stage

Answer 13

the final stage in Freud’s theory, beginning in adolescence in which sexual maturation is complete and sexual intercourse is a major goal

Question 14

Systematic Desensitization

Answer 14

a form of therapy based on classical conditioning, in which positive responses are gradually conditioned to stimuli that initially elicited a highly negative response

(this approach is especially useful in the treatment of fears and phobias)

Question 15

Intermittent Reinforcement

Answer 15

inconsistent response to the behaviour of another person

Question 16

Behaviour Modification

Answer 16

a form of therapy based on principles of operant conditioning in which reinforcement contingencies are changed to encourage more adaptive behaviour

Question 17

Reciprocal Determinism

Answer 17

Bandura’s concept that child-environment influences operate in both directions; children are affected by aspects of their environment, but they also influence the environment

Question 18

Vicarious Reinforcement

Answer 18

observing someone else receive a reward or punishment

Question 19

Self Socialization

Answer 19

the idea that children play a very active role in their own socialization through their activity preferences, friendship choices, and so on

Question 20

Role Taking

Answer 20

being aware of the perspective of another person, thereby better understanding that person’s behaviour, thoughts, and feelings

Question 21

Hostile Attributional Bias

Answer 21

in Dodge’s theory, the tendency to assume that other people’s ambiguous actions stem from a hostile intent

Question 22

Achievement Motivation

Answer 22

refers to whether children are motivated by learning goals, seeking to improve their competence and master new material, or by performance goals, seeking to receive positive assessments of their competence or to avoid negative assessments

Question 23

Entity/Helpless Orientation

Answer 23

a general tendency to attribute success and failure to enduring aspects of the self and to give up in the face of failure

Question 24

Incremental/Mastery Orientation

Answer 24

a general tendency to attribute success and failure to the amount of effort expended and to persist in the face of failure

Question 25

Entity Theory

Answer 25

a theory that a person’s level of intelligence is fixed and unchangeable

Question 26

Incremental Theory

Answer 26

a theory that a person’s intelligence can grow as a function of experience

Question 27

Ethology

Answer 27

the study of the evolutionary baes of behaviour

Question 28

Imprinting

Answer 28

a form of learning in which the newborns of some species of birds and mammals become attached to and follow adult members of the species (usually their mother)

Question 29

Parental-Investment Theory

Answer 29

a theory that stresses the evolutionary basis of many aspects of parental behaviour, including the extensive investment parents make in their offspring

Question 30

Microsystem

Answer 30

in the bioecological model, that immediate environment that an individual child personally experiences and participates in

Question 31

Mesosystem

Answer 31

in the bioecological model, the interconnections among immediate, or microsystem, settings

Question 32

Exosystem

Answer 32

in the bioecological model, environmental settings that a child does not directly experience but that can affect the child indirectly

Question 33

Macrosystem

Answer 33

in the bioecological model, the larger cultural and social context within which the other systems are embedded

Question 34

Chronosystem

Answer 34

in the bioecological model, historical changes that influence the other systems

Question 35

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)

Answer 35

a syndrome that involves difficulty in sustaining attention

Question 36

Child Maltreatment

Answer 36

intentional abuse or neglect that endangers the well-being of anyone under the age of 18