Social Groups

Question 1

What did Labov (1966) investigate in his NYC department store study

Answer 1

Labov (1966) investigated peoples use of rhotic “r” which appears after vowels in his NYC department store study

Question 2

What did Labov say the rhotic “r” had in NYC

Answer 2

Labov said the rhotic “r” had a prestige in NYC

Question 3

What was Labov (1966) NYC department store method

Answer 3

Labov (1966) NYC department store method was visiting 3 different department stores with different class status’ and asked employees to where a department was and they’d say “fourth floor”, he asked again

Question 4

Why did Labov (1966) ask employees to repeat their answer in his NYC department store study

Answer 4

Labov (1966) asked employees to repeat their answer in his NYC department store study to see whether they consciously changed the pronunciation of the “r” in “fourth floor”

Question 5

What did Labov (1966) find in his NYC department store study

Answer 5

Labov (1966) found higher classes would use the rhotic “r” more than lower and middle classes and that lower classes would change their pronunciation the 2nd time in his NYC department store study

Question 6

Why did lower classes change their pronunciation of the rhotic “r” the 2nd time in Labov (1966) NYC department store study

Answer 6

lower classes changed their pronunciation of the rhotic “r” the 2nd time in Labov (1966) NYC department store study because they need to climb the social ladder, so are influenced by overt prestige

Question 7

When did Jenny Cheshire conduct her Reading study

Answer 7

Jenny Cheshire conducted her Reading study in 1982

Question 8

What did Jenny Cheshire (1982) Reading study investigate

Answer 8

Jenny Cheshire (1982) Reading study investigated the use of 11 standard forms used by children in an 8 month observation

Question 9

What did Jenny Cheshire (1982) find in her Reading study

Answer 9

Jenny Cheshire (1982) found that children who approved of criminal activities used non-standard, boys more so in her Reading study

Question 10

What did Jenny Cheshire (1982) Reading study found about how children gain prestige

Answer 10

Jenny Cheshire (1982) Reading study found that children who abide the law gain prestige overtly by behaving and children who use the non-standard form gain prestige covertly by breaking rules, as they do by breaking language norms

Question 11

When did Penelope Eckert conduct her Jocks vs Burnouts study

Answer 11

Penelope Eckert conducted her Jocks vs Burnouts study in 1989

Question 12

What did Penelope Eckert observe in her 1989 study

Answer 12

Penelope Eckert observed the use of Detroit vowel sounds and categorised people into Jocks and Burnouts in her 1989 study

Question 13

What did Penelope Eckert call a Jock in her 1989 study

Answer 13

Penelope Eckert called a Jock a person who valued school and took part in school activities in her 1989 study

Question 14

What did Penelope Eckert call a Burnout in her 1989 study

Answer 14

Penelope Eckert called a Burnout a person who didn’t value school, aimed to get a local job and took part in drugs and crime in her 1989 study

Question 15

What did Penelope Eckert find in her 1989 study

Answer 15

Penelope Eckert found that jocks would use more standard forms and conservative vowels whereas burnouts would use Detroit vowels more severely and used a lot more negative concord in her 1989 study

Question 16

What is an advantage of Penelope Eckert (1989) study

Answer 16

An advantage of Penelope Eckert (1989) study is that she observed covertly so student didn’t know meaning there was no social desirability bias

Question 17

What is a disadvantage of Penelope Eckert (1989) study

Answer 17

A disadvantage of Penelope Eckert (1989) study is that students may speak differently outside of school

Question 18

When did Berland conduct his study on teen speech

Answer 18

Berland conducted his study on teen speech in 1977

Question 19

What did Berland (1977) investigate in teen speech

Answer 19

Berland (1977) investigated which social classes used which non-standard forms in teenagers

Question 20

What did Berland (1977) find in his teen speech study

Answer 20

Berland (1977) found that non-standard “innit” was more common among working classes and the non-standard “yeah” was more common among middle classes in his teen speech study

Question 21

What did De Clerk say teen speech is influenced by

Answer 21

De Clerk said teen speech is influenced by freedom allowing teenagers to rebel against linguistic norms to distinguish from others

Question 22

What was Howard Giles’ study name

Answer 22

Howard Giles’ study name was accommodation theory

Question 23

What is Howard Giles’ convergence according to accommodation theory

Answer 23

Howard Giles’ convergence according to accommodation theory is where a person adapts linguistic choices to conform to the language being used by the person they’re speaking to or the group they’re part of

Question 24

What is Howard Giles’ divergence according to accommodation theory

Answer 24

Howard Giles’ divergence according to accommodation theory is where a person adapts linguistic choices to differ language away from an individual or social group

Question 25

What counts as a social group

Answer 25

Age, friends, occupation, class and religion all count as a social group

Question 26

What did Martinez (2011) theorise about teen speech

Answer 26

Martinez (2011) theorised about teen speech that teenagers care less about directness and fear of threats than adults and teenagers are far more direct than adults

Question 27

What are Penelope Eckert’s 3 types of age

Answer 27

Penelope Eckert’s 3 types of age are biological, chronological and social

Question 28

What is Eckert’s biological age

Answer 28

Eckert’s biological age is age of physical maturity

Question 29

What is Eckert’s chronological age

Answer 29

Eckert’s chronological age is number of years since birth

Question 30

What is Eckert’s social age

Answer 30

Eckert’s social age is age based on life events such as marriage and first child

Question 31

When did Peter Trudgill conduct his Norwich study

Answer 31

Peter Trudgill conducted his Norwich study in 1974

Question 32

What did Peter Trudgill (1974) investigate in his Norwich study

Answer 32

Peter Trudgill (1974) investigated the g-dropping of “-ing” suffix in walking and talking of different classes in his Norwich study

Question 33

What was Peter Trudgill (1974) method in his Norwich study

Answer 33

Peter Trudgill (1974) method in his Norwich study was asking participants if they used non-standard form

Question 34

What did Peter Trudgill (1974) find in his Norwich study

Answer 34

Peter Trudgill (1974) found women over-reported their use of standard forms, showing they care about overt prestige, whereas men over-reported their use of non-standard forms showing they care about covert prestige in his Norwich study

Question 35

What did Peter Trudgill (1974) conclude in his Norwich study

Answer 35

Peter Trudgill (1974) concluded that class influenced accent more than gender as the higher the class the more standard form usage in his Norwich study

Question 36

What was Mary Talbots criticism of Peter Trudgill (1974) Norwich study

Answer 36

Mary Talbots criticism of Peter Trudgill (1974) Norwich study is that it presents men as the norm so it’s arbitrary and biased and interviewer was a middle class man which is “an unequal encounter” which could cause social desirability bias

Question 37

When did Petyt conduct his Bradford study

Answer 37

Petyt conducted his Bradford study in 1985

Question 38

What did Petyt (1985) investigate in his Bradford study

Answer 38

Petyt (1985) investigated the H-dropping in words like house and hose and also the /u/ and /uh/ in “good”and “put” in his Bradford study

Question 39

What did Petyt (1985) find in his Bradford study

Answer 39

Petyt (1985) found that lower classes were more likely to drop the ‘H’ and also socially aspirational speakers would incorrectly use the /uh/ pronunciation is words like cushion instead of the proper /u/ in his Bradford study

Question 40

How did Petyt (1985) Bradford study support Trudgill (1974) Norwich study

Answer 40

Petyt (1985) Bradford study supported Trudgill (1974) Norwich study by saying class influenced the use of standard or non-standard forms.

Question 41

When did Bernstein conduct his restricted vs elaborated code study

Answer 41

Bernstein conducted his restricted vs elaborated code study in 1971

Question 42

What was Bernstein (1971) restricted vs elaborated code method

Answer 42

Bernstein (1971) restricted vs elaborated code method was asking 2 people to describe a comic strip

Question 43

What did Bernstein (1971) find in his restricted vs elaborated code study

Answer 43

Bernstein (1971) found in his restricted vs elaborated code study that one person would describe comic strip with relaxed word order and simple structure and the other would describe the comic strip with standard syntax and a complex structure

Question 44

What did Bernstein (1971) create from his findings

Answer 44

Bernstein (1971) created restricted and elaborated code from his findings

Question 45

What is the difference between Bernstein (1971) restricted code and elaborated code

Answer 45

Bernstein (1971) restricted code is deictic (context bound), elaborated is not

Question 46

Who did Bernstein (1971) say uses which code

Answer 46

Bernstein (1971) said middle classes used both codes whereas lower classes only used restricted code

Question 47

Why did Bernstein (1971) say middle classes can use both codes

Answer 47

Bernstein (1971) said middle classes can use both codes because they are more geographically, socially and culturally mobile

Question 48

When did Bernstein (1971) say restricted code is used

Answer 48

Bernstein (1971) said restricted code is used in social situations when bonding is required

Question 49

When did Bernstein (1971) say elaborated code is used

Answer 49

Bernstein (1971) said elaborated code is used in formal events

Question 50

What is community of practise

Answer 50

Community of practise is a social group with a shared identity

Question 51

What is Hallidays anti language

Answer 51

Hallidays anti language is a language substituting old words for new words

Question 52

Why is hallidays anti language used

Answer 52

Hallidays anti language is used for a certain group to distinguish themselves from others by communicating without outsiders understanding

Question 53

What is polari

Answer 53

Polari is an anti language used by British gay community in 1900s to affirm the character and solidarity of a marginalised subculture

Question 54

How is polari a cryptolect

Answer 54

Polari is a cryptolect as it was used to communicate secretly without being uncovered as being homosexual when it was illegal