Social influence Flashcards

Question

Nurse disobedience

Answer 1

-Hofling arranged for an unknown doctor to telephone 22 nurses individually to administer an overdose of a Astroten , not on their ward list. -95% (21/22) obeyed but were stopped -Rank and Jacobson replicated Hofling's study with some alters that the original had to that maximised obedience -Made a known doctor in real life order an overdose of a known drug of Valium -2/18 obeyed then were stopped

Answer 2

Proximity, Location, Uniform

Answer 3

-From 65% in different rooms to 40% in same room -Touch proximity: 30% When teacher had to place learners hand onto electroshock plate if learner refused -Remote instruction: Experimenter left room and ordered through telephone 20.5% and often pretended to give shocks -

Answer 4

Decreased proximity allows people to psychologically distnce themselves from consequences of their actions

Answer 5

From Yale university to run down office , 47.5%

Answer 6

-Presigious university gave Milgrams study legitimacy and authority -More obedient here because percieved experimenter shared same legitimacy and obedience was expected -However office still had high obedience because of percieved 'scientific' nature of study

Answer 7

-From grey lab coat to experimenter taking a call and replaced by member of public in regular clothes -Dropped to 20%

Answer 8

-Uniform encourages obediene because they are widely recognised as symbols of authority -We accept someone in uniform is entitled ti expect obedience because their authority is legitimate and granted by society -Someone without uniform has less right to expect obedience

Answer 9

Agentic state and Legitimacy of authority

Answer 10

-Milgram proposed obedience to destructive authority occurs because of no responsibility of the person -Act as an agent -Experience moral stran - high anxiety when they realise they are wrong but feel powerless to disobey -Autonomous state is acting free and according to own princples to which they feel responsibilty -Shift from autonomy to agency is Agentic shift -Milgram suggested this happens when someone percieves someone else as an authority figure -Authority figure has higher authority due to behing higher up in the social hierarchy -Binding factors reduce moral strain so they can remain in agentic state e.g shifting responsibilty to victim or denying damage to victims

Answer 11

-Societies have hierarchies -People in certain positions have authority over everyone -Authority is legitimate as it is agreed by society that they are necessary for scoeity to function smoothly -Means some people how power to punish others -We hand over our independence and behaviour to people we trust to excercise their authority properly -Legitimacy is taught by parents, teachers then adults generally

Answer 12

-When legitimate authority becomes destructive -e.g Hitler , Stalin and Pol Pot -They ordered people to behave in cruel ways -In Milgram's study destructive authority was clear when experimenter used prods to order participants to behave in ways against their consciences

Answer 13

-Hitler and Nazi vs Jews -Massacre at My Lai Vietnam war where 504 civillians were killed by American soilders -Women gang raped and shot down -Burnd village to ground and killed animals -Only one soldier faced charges and was guilty William Calley -Same defence as Nazi officers; doing his duty by following orders

Answer 14

Any explanation of behaviour that highlights the improtance of the individual's personality . Contrasted with situational explanations

Answer 15

-Ardono also wanted to investigate the ant-semitism of the Holocaust -Believed high level of obedience is a psychological disorder, pathalogical -Causes lie in the personality rather than situation -People with AP show extreme respect and submissiveness to authority -They view society as weaker than it once was so believe we need strong and powerful leaders to enforce traditional values such as love of country and family -These characteristics make people with AP more likely to obey orders from authority -They show contempt for those with inferior social status -Because of their inflexible out look on the world, no grey areas -Either right or wrong and they are uncomfortable with uncertainty -People who are 'other' eg foreign are respinsible for the ills of society -'Other' people become a target for authoritatrians who obey orders from authoritarian figures even when destructive e.g Nazi Germany

Answer 16

-Childhood , harsh parenting -Extremely strict discipline, expectation of absolute loyalty,impossible high standards and severe criticism of percieved failings -Conditional love -These create resentment and hostility in a child -Child cannot express these feelings against their parents due to fear of punishment -Fears are diplaced onto others who appear to be weaker : Scapegoating -Psychodynamic explanation that explains why they hate socially inferior people

Answer 17

-Adorno Studied more than 2000 middle class white Americans and their unconscious attitudes towards other ethnic groups -Researchers made several measurement scales including Potential-For-Facism Scale (F - Scale) -E.g “Obedience and respect for authority are the most important virtues for children to learn “ and “There is hardly anything lower than a person who does not feel great love, gratitude and respect for his parents” -People who scored high in the F scale and other measure (authoritarian learnings) identified with “strong” people and were contemptuous of the “weak” -They were conscious of theirs and others status and showed extreme respect for those of higher status : these traits are the basis of obedience -Adorno also found that authoritarian people had a certain cognitive style (way of perceiving others) in which there is no “fuzziness” between categories of people -Black and white thinking -Had fixed and distinctive stereotypes about other groups -Adorno found a strong positive correlation between authoritarianism and prejudice

Answer 18

Social support & Locus of control

Answer 19

-Pressure to conform can be resisted if there are people not conforming present -e.g Asch’a confederate -Someone else not following the majority is social support -Enables naive participant to follow their own conscience -Confederate acts as a ‘’model’ of independent behaviour -Their dissent gives rise to more dissent because it shows the majority is no longer unanimous

Answer 20

-Pressure to obey can be resisted if there’s another who’s disobeying -In Milgrams variation, obedience dropped from 65% to 10% when genuine participant was joined by a disobedient confederate -Participant may not follow disobedient persons behaviour but they act as a “model” of dissent for participant to copy and frees him to act from his own conscience -Disobedient model challenges legitimacy of authority figure making it easier for others to disobey

Answer 21

-Rotter - High Internal LOC: Things that happen are controlled by themselves e.g bad results blamed on lack of studying - High External LOC: Things that happen to them are out of their control e.g bad results blamed on textbook -Loc Continuum a scale, Highs on the ends and lows In between

Answer 22

-High Internal Locs are more able to resist pressures to conform or obey -As they take personal responsibility for actions and experiences they base their decisions on their own beliefs rather than depending on opinions of others -High internal Locs also more self confident, more achievement oriented and have higher intelligence -Traits lead to greater resistance to social influence -Also traits of leaders who have less need for social approval than followers

Answer 23

-Leads to internalisation; both public behaviour and private beliefs are changed by the process -Moscovici studied this in Blue Slide Green Slide study

Answer 24

Consistency, Commitment, flexibility

Answer 25

-Consistency increased amount of interest from other people -Synchronic consistency (all saying same thing) -Diachronic consistency (same thing for a long time) -Consistent minority makes other people start to rethink their own views (maybe they’ve a point if they all think this way : maybe they’ve got a point if they’ve kept saying it)

Answer 26

-Extreme activities e.g killed by horse -Risk to show great commitment -Majority then its attention -Called the augmentation principle

Answer 27

-Nemeth argued that only consistency can make arguments seem rigid and unbending -This makes conversion to minority position unlikely -Members of minority need to be prepared to adapt their point of view and accept reasonable and valid counter arguments -Must be balance of consistency and flexibility

Answer 28

-Something you already agree doesn’t provoke deep thinking , but something new does especially if source of view is consistent, committed and flexible -Majority to minority is conversion -Deeper processing is important in the process of conversion to a different minority view point -The more majority to minority increasing rate of conversion is Snowball effect -Gradually the minority view is the majority and change has occurred

Answer 29

-Moscovici had a group of 6 people to view a set of 36 blue colour slides that varied in intensity to state whether slides were blue or green -In each group there were two confederates who said they were green -True participants gave same answer of green on 8.42% of trials -Second group were exposed to an inconsistent minority who said green 24 times and blue 12 times -Agreement to “green” fell to 1.25% -Where there were no confederates the wrong answer of green was said 0.25% of the time in trials

Answer 30

-African American civil right movements of 1950s and 60s 1) Drawing Attention -With social proof -Civil right marches drew attention to the segregation while providing social proof 2) Consistency -Cviivl rights activists were consistent with millions over several years presenting same non aggressive messages 3) Deeper processing -Activism meant that many people who has simply accepted the status quo began to think deeply about the unjustness of it 4) Augmentation principle -Risking lives numerous times -Freedom riders beaten for boarded buses in the south challenging racial segregation of transport -Risk indicates strong belief and reinforces their message 5) Snowball effect -Activists eg Martin Luther King got attention of the US government making more people back the minority position -Us Civil rights act prohibited discrimination marking change from minority to majority support for civil rights -6) Social cryptomnesia -People remember a change occurring but don’t remember how it happened -People have no memory (cryptomnesia) of events that led to change

Answer 31

-Asch’s research where a confederate gave different answers throughout -Broke power of the majority encouraging others to do likewise -dissent has the potential to lead to social change -Another approach is appealing to NSI as seen with environmental and health campaigns -By providing information about what other people are doing -e.g Bin it —others do -Social change is encouraged by drawing attention to what the majority are doing

Answer 32

-In one of Milgrams variations where a confederate refused to give shocks to the learner, the rate of obedience in genuine participants decreased -Zimbardo suggested how obedience can be used to create social change through Gradual Commitment -Once a small instruction is obeyed, it becomes difficult to resist a bigger one

Answer 33

- Artificial situation and task -American men -Lucas + counterpoint -Ethical

Answer 34

-Asch 12.5% -Nafilliators

Answer 35

-Lucas -Unclear

Answer 36

-Control -Lack of realism -Lack of realism counterpoint 90% -Exaggerates 1/3 -Alt explanation -Ethical issues

Answer 37

-French 80% 460 -Tapes 75% vs 1/2 , 2/3 -Tapes counterpoint puppies 54% 100% -SIT -Ethical issues

Answer 38

-Bickman field -Dutch 90% not present -India & Jordan -Fake -Socially sensitive

Answer 39

-Who is responsible -Nurse study 16/18 -WW2 German Reserve Police Battalion 101

Answer 40

-Cultural differences 16% vs 85% -Nurses & Milgram

Answer 41

-F scale on Milgrams people 20 -Counterpoint : Unusual traits -SIT -Political bias -Flawed

Answer 42

-Pregnants 14-19 8 week -Smear Campaign 88% -Glasses 64% 3% 36%

Answer 43

-Repeated Milgram study 37% vs 23% -40 year -Not most important factor

Answer 44

-Consistency by Moscovici 100 -Deeper processing research -Deeper processing controlled limit -Artifical -8%

Answer 45

-Support for Normative influences -Counterpoint drinking 70 quantity not frequency -Minority influences explain change thinking -Deeper processing limit -Tree

Answer 46

The process by which individuals and groups change eachothers attitudes and behaviours -Includes conformity, obedience and minority influence

Answer 47

-When whole societies, rather than just individuals adopt new attitudes, beliefs and ways of doing things e.g Accepting the earth orbits the sun

Social influence Flashcards

(71 cards)