social influence Flashcards

Question

what was the Reicher and Haslam BBC study?

Answer 1

they wanted to observe how dynamics between the group evolved over time

Answer 2

controlled observation in a mock prison 15 male volunteers, randomly assigned a role 5 guards, 10 prisoners

Answer 3

the guards did not form a group, did not always use their authority and did not identify with their assigned role prisoners formed a strong group identity day 1-3 - prisoners acted in ways that thought would allow them to become guards day 4 - prisoner group formed a stronger identity because they couldn't get promoted day 6 - prisoners rebelled, formed a democracy day 6 onwards - the democracy eventually failed because of the group tensions, some tried to established a hierarchy

Answer 4

they didn't conform to their role, imply that there is flexibility of role.

Answer 5

no deception protection - ethics committee could stop debriefing and counselling offered

Answer 6

artificial - low ecological validity cannot be generalised staged for TV, claims that study was staged and participants were influenced by cameras lack of empowerment - zimbardo's guards were prompted to keep order, however they weren't in this study, lack of motivation and empowerment

Answer 7

deception - were not told the real aim of the study privacy - arrested at their homes by real police officers harm - psychologically, dehumanised, physically, beaten guards may have been acting what they saw in movies and not how guards act in real life biased sample - male american, small sample size, cannot be generalised reicher and haslam repeated the study - didn't find the same results, validity questionable

Answer 8

methodology: randomly assigned all deemed mentally stable were able to leave at any point debriefing sessions for several years afterwards, no long lasting negative effects RWA - SPE was similar to what happened in Abu Ghraib Zimbardo believed the guards who committed the abuses were the victims of situational factors that made abuse more likely, lack of training, no accountability to higher authority.

Answer 9

change of an individual's behaviour to comply with an authority figure often comply as they would be concerned with the consequences if they didn't

Answer 10

40 male volunteers believed that they were participating in a study to improve learning and memory participants told to shock the learner if they gave the wrong answer shocks were increased in 15-volt increments up to 450 volts

Answer 11

300v the learner starts screaming, afterwards stops responding 65% of the participants continued to the maximum shock 450 volts 100% went to 300v

Answer 12

moved to a run down area - 48% - therefore shows legitimacy learner in same room - 40% touch proximity - 30% phone call - 23%

Answer 13

proximity - touch proximity, in the same room as the learner, or experimenter was on telephone call location - Yale university or run down office, obedience to 48% uniform - Bushman carried out an experiment, in police uniform - 72%, executive CEO - 48%, beggar - 52%

Answer 14

methodological issues - Orne and Holland, ppt behaved the way they did because they didn't believe it was real, they guessed the electric shocks were fake. ethical issues - milgram deceived his participants prods from the experimenter made it more difficult for some participants who felt that they had to continue that they couldn't leave. lack of internal validity - lack of mundane realism, Orne and Holland. individual differences - Milgram underestimated the importance of individual differences in obedience, women may be more susceptible to social influence than men

Answer 15

RWA - Hofling, nurses on a hospital ward levels of odedience were high, even with an unjustified doctor 21/22 nurses obeyed giving the wrong dose of a drug Milgram's study can be generalised to other studies increases external validity cross cultural replication - Milgram's findings have been able to be replicated in other cultures Miranda - obedience rate of over 90% amongst Spanish students

Answer 16

claimed that participants in studies have learned to distrust experimenters because they know that the true purpose of the study may be disguised.

Answer 17

participants in Milgram's study had been sceptical whether the shocks were real.

Answer 18

Milgram's variables from situational variables affecting obedience, proximity, location and uniform can influence obedience levels. Mandel challenges this as it offers an excuse or alibi for evil behaviour. it is offensive to Holocaust survivors that suggest that Nazis were simply obeying orders and were victims themselves of situational factors that were beyond their control.

Answer 19

the obedient individual to see themselves as not being responsible for their own actions. therefore move responsibility onto something else. agentic shift involves moving from an autonomous state, seeing themself as responsible into an agentic state. seeing themselves as a agent for carrying out another person's wishes.

Answer 20

operate to maintain obedience, such as social etiquette

Answer 21

for a person to shift to the agentic state is the perception of a legitimate authority. someone who is perceived to be in a position of social control within a situation. the experimenter seen as a legitimate authority to whom the subject feels some commitment reassuring that the learner is fine and not in danger.

Answer 22

if an authority figure's commands are harmful or destructive then for them to be perceived as legitimate they must occur within some sort of institutional structure. a category of institution, scientific laboratory that causes participants to obey.

Answer 23

My Lai Massacre. American soldiers found a village of non-combatants when they had been expecting Vietcong fighters. men carried out a lieutenant's order to kill over 500 villagers. At Calley's military trial did not accept his guilt, using the defence that he had been following orders.

Answer 24

an explanation for why some individuals require very little pressure in order to obey. used by Adorno to measure the different component that made up the Authoritarian personality people scoring high on F scale raised within an authoritarian family background

Answer 25

people who scored high on the F scale tended to have been raised by parents who used an authoritarian parenting style.

Answer 26

referred to RWA conventionalism - adherence to conventional norms and values authoritarian aggression - aggressive feelings towards people who violate these norms authoritarian submission - uncritical submission to legitimate authorities.

Answer 27

carried out a follow-up study using participants who had previously taken part in his experiments. 20 obedient participants and 20 defiant also asked open questions about relationships with parents during childhood and their attitude to the experimenter and the learner completed the MMPI and F scale

Answer 28

little difference between obedient and defiant on MMPI higher levels of authoritarianism in obedient ppt obedient ppt reported being less close to their father

Answer 29

authoritarian ppt are more obedient Dambrun and Vatine - actor taking the role of the learner ppt were informed that the experiment was a simulation and shocks were fake ppt still tended to respond to it as if it was real clear correlation between RWA scores

Answer 30

Allen and Levine - whether the response position of the person providing social support made any difference. 1st condition - 1st confederate gave the right answer 2nd condition - 4th gave the right answer Spector - measure LOC and predisposition to NSI and ISI in undergraduates. significant correlation and predisposition to NSI with externals more likely to conform than internals

Answer 31

social support and locus of control

Answer 32

Asch found that the presence of social support enables an individual to resist conformity pressure from the majority. social support offered by the ally led to a reduction in conformity from 33% to 5.5% supporters and dissenters are likely to be effective in reducing conformity as it raises equally legitimate ways of thinking.

Answer 33

presence of social support enables individuals to resist conformity social support break unanimity and provides an independent assessment of reality disobedient peers act as role models obedience rates dropped to 10% when 2 confederates defied experimenter

Answer 34

refers to a person's perception of personal control over their own behaviour.

Answer 35

associated with the belief that we can control events in our life people with an internal LOC believe that what happens to them is a consequence of their own ability greater independence and less reliance on other opinions high internals are less vulnerable to influence and better able to resist coercion

Answer 36

believe that what happens to them is determined by external factors, such as luck largely out of their control approach events with more of a passive and fatalistic attitude than internals, more likely to accept the influence of others

Answer 37

active seekers of information, less likely to rely on other opinions. achievement-orientated, more likely to become leaders better able to resist coercion from others.

Answer 38

Rosenstrasse protest - German women protested in Berlin where the Gestapo were holding 2,000 Jewish men, most married to non-Jews. women stood in front with Gestapo agents, who threatened to open fire if they did not disperse and demanded the release of their husbands and sons the women's courage eventually prevailed and the Jews were set free.

Answer 39

consistency commitment flexible

Answer 40

people assume that the minority is in error. Wood carried out a meta-analysis of 97 studies of minority influences, found that minorities who were perceived as being consistent in expressing their position were influential. consistency is demonstrated by the Moscovici study

Answer 41

difficult to dismiss when it adopts an uncompromising and consistent commitment. it is important in the influence process because it suggests certainty, confidence and courage in the face of a hostile majority. the greater commitment may then persuade the majority group members to take them seriously or convert to minority positions.

Answer 42

flexibility is more effective at changing majority opinion that rigidity of arguments, minorities are powerless compared to the majority and therefore must negotiate their position with the majority rather than enforce it. However, a minority that is too flexible and too prepared to compromise risks being seen as inconsistent.

Answer 43

each group had 4 naive participants and two confederates. They were shown a series of blue slides that asked to judge the colour of the slide. consistent condition - two confederates called the blue slides green. inconsistent condition - called the slides green on two-thirds of the trials

Answer 44

the consistent minority influenced the naive participants to say green on over 8% of the trials inconsistent minority exerted little influence

Answer 45

supporting evidence for flexibility - Nemeth simulated a jury situation confederate who compromised, showed some degress of shift towards majority did exert an influence only evident in those who shifted late in negotiations, shows flexibility

Answer 46

Mackie - views of the minority do not lead to greater processing. Nemeth - minority only in the name, people are made to fit in and fear repercussions, deviant point of view doesn't replicate minorities in real - many different tactics Moscovici - lab, artificial study, therefore cannot be generalised as to how minorities influence in real life

Answer 47

drawing attention to an issue cognitive conflict consistency of position augmentation of principle snowball effect social cryptoamnesia

Answer 48

minorities can bring about social change by drawing the majority's attention to an issue. the suffragettes used educational, political and militant tactics to draw attention to the fact that women were denied the same voting rights as men

Answer 49

minority creates a conflict between what majority group members currently believe and the position advocated by the minority. the majority thinks more deeply about the issues being challenged. the suffragettes created a conflict for a majority group members between the existing status quo and the position advocated by the suffragettes, some people dealt with this conflict by giving women the right to vote

Answer 50

minorities tend to be more influential in bringing about social change when they express their arguments consistently. suffragettes were consistent in their views, regardless of the attitudes of those around them. protest and political lobbying

Answer 51

if minority appears willing to suffer for their views, they are seen as more committed and so taken more seriously by others, because the suffragettes were willing to risk imprisonment or even death, their influence became more powerful.

Answer 52

minority influence initially has a relatively small effect but this then spreads more widely as more and more people consider the issues being promoted. reaches a tipping point which leads to a wide-scale social change, such as universal suffrage.

Answer 53

start by identifying a widespread misperception relating to a specified risky behaviour within a target population. the gap between the perceived and actual norm is referred to as misperception and correcting this misperception is the basis for an approach to social change

Answer 54

if people perceive something as the norm, they alter their behaviour to fit that norm. correcting misperceptions about actual norms using social norms interventions for example 'Most of us don't drink and drive' campaign. resulted in a drop of drink driving by 13.7%

Answer 55

minorities create the potential for change rather than the actual social change boomerang effect deeper processing for the majority rather than minority

social influence Flashcards

(80 cards)