Social Influence Flashcards

Question

When does NSI occur?

Answer 1

With strangers when rejection is a concern Stressful situations when greater need for social support With people we respect and want to be liked by

Answer 2

Compliance

Answer 3

Asch Many confederates conformed rather than give correct answer because afraid of disapproval When writing down answers, conformity fell to 12.5% Conformity is desire to not be rejected by disagreeing

Answer 4

McGhee and Teevan nAffiliators = strong need for affiliation Students who were nAffiliators were more likely to conform NSI underlies conformity for some people more than others

Answer 5

Linkenback and Perkins Put posters about smoking and how majority of people didn't smoke Less people smoked on uni campus after posters had been put up

Answer 6

Informational Social Influence

Answer 7

Desire to be RIGHT

Answer 8

Situations that are new to a person so they don't know what's right Ambiguous situations Crisis situations where decisions have to be made quickly Where one person/group seen as more of an expert

Answer 9

Internalisation

Answer 10

Lucas et al Participants conformed more when maths questions were harder For hard problems, situation was ambiguous so relied on answers given

Answer 11

Unclear if NSI or ISI operate in studies and real life Dissenter could reduce power of NSI or ISI

Answer 12

Group size Task difficulty Unanimity - "rebel" confederate

Answer 13

Reduced number of confederates When it was 3 confederates, went down to 31.8%

Answer 14

Added "rebel" confederate Conformity rate reduced to 5.5%

Answer 15

Made differences between line lengths smaller Conformity increased

Answer 16

Campbell and Fairey Group size only has an effect when it's an NSI situation If ISI situation, only need 1/2 confederates for support

Answer 17

Repeated Asch's study on engineering students Only 1 out of 396 conformed More confidence

Answer 18

Get people to write down their confidence in maths then gave them a very difficult maths question More conformity

Answer 19

Stanford Prison Experiment

Answer 20

Investigate identification To work out whether prison guards behaved brutally because they have sadistic personalities or whether it was the situation that created such behaviours Whether prisons affect humans

Answer 21

24 participants Only 21 made it through the whole experiment All American male students Tested for emotional wellbeing Randomly allocated as prison guard or prisoner

Answer 22

Fake prison set up in basement of psychology department Prisoners and prison guards had uniforms (prison guards = uniforms, clubs, whistles, reflective sunglasses) Prisoners only addressed by number Prison guards came up with 17 rules but weren't allowed to physically harm prisoners Participants were arrested at their own houses, stripped and deloused Observation Paid $15 a day

Answer 23

Guards quickly conformed to roles and were harsh to prisoners Prisoners treated awfully and rebelled on second day, which was quickly suppressed Guards kept treating prisoners awfully and harassed prisoners constantly, playing them against each other Experiment ended on 6th day Cleaned toilets with bare hands etc 3 prisoners left experiment

Answer 24

R - couldn't withdraw voluntarily, had to have a mental breakdown, paid $15 to stay A - were kept anonymous but institute published, newspapers found participants P - protected from physical (not mental) harm I - prisoners didn't know everything (i.e. being arrested at home) D - lied to

Answer 25

Zimbardo didn't keep critical distance Placed himself as superintendent Took superintendent role more seriously than psychological role Refused to let one prisoners leave

Answer 26

Banuazizi and Movehedi Present some details of SPE experimental procedure to large sample of students who had never heard of study Vast majority of students guessed purpose of study was to show ordinary people assigned role of prisoner or guard would act like it Prison not realistic enough - one participant claimed he had based role on character from film Cool Hand Luke

Answer 27

Even when participants in SPE were unaware being watched, behaviour still conformed to "guard" or "prisoner" role One prisoner asked for "parole" rather than asking to withdraw McDermott - 90% of prisoners conversations about prison life Discussed how impossible it was to leave before "sentences" over

Answer 28

In Abu Ghraib (military prison in Iraq), Iraqi prisoners were abused and tortured by American soldiers Situational factors such as lack of training, boredom and lack of accountability present in Abu Ghraib and SPE Zimbardo noticed similarities between soldiers at Abu Ghraib and prison guards in his experiment

Answer 29

Male participants in SPE psychologically and physically screened 24 most "normal" and "stable" used in study Randomly assigned role

Answer 30

1/3 guards behaved brutally 1/3 guards keen on keeping fair prison rules Rest actively helped and supported prisoners

Answer 31

BBC study Prisoners given possibility of "promotion" after 3 days from prisoners group to guards group As result, prisoners offered no challenge to guards in first few day Guards failed to identify with their role Made guards reluctant to impose authority and were eventually overcome by prisoners

Answer 32

Zimbardo gave guards general sense of how he expected them to behave "Behavioural scripts associated with roles" were not sole source of guidance

Answer 33

Small change

Answer 34

Societal beliefs change (large scale)

Answer 35

Minority hold the same belief over a long period of time

Answer 36

Personal sacrifice and effort, risk

Answer 37

Minority compromises with the majority

Answer 38

Minority group needs to get the attention of the majority Media attention

Answer 39

Minority group has to give information Links to ISI

Answer 40

Commitment

Answer 41

When the minority group has persuaded people Links to NSI

Answer 42

Forget anyone behaved any other way

Answer 43

Moscovici Green/blue slides When confederate was consistent, persuaded 8.42% of participants When confederates was inconsistent, persuaded 1.25% of participants

Answer 44

Bashir Investigated why people resist social change even when they agree it's necessary Reason due to stereotypes of minority Stops snowball effect

Answer 45

Foxcroft Reviewed 70 studies which use NSI to try and change uni students drinking behaviour Found it only produced a small reduction in drinking quality and no effect on drinking frequently NSI doesn't have long-term impact on social change

Answer 46

Mackie Minority influence will struggle to get majority to properly think about "the message" Only once majority have same viewpoint will it cause rest of population Forces us to think about why so many people have same belief

Answer 47

Doing what you're told

Answer 48

People of higher status

Answer 49

50 American male participants - gender and cultural bias

Answer 50

Learner getting shocked Experimenter wearing a lab coat

Answer 51

Participant was the Teacher Gave the Learner increasingly severe electric "shocks" each time he made a mistake Shocks increased in 15V steps to 450V If the Teacher wanted to stop, the Experimenter gave a verbal "prod" to continue

Answer 52

No one stopped before 300V 12.5% stopped at 300V 65% continued to 450V Participants showed signs of extreme tension - 3 had seizures 84% said glad they'd taken part

Answer 53

Sheridan and King Carried out similar procedure with puppy as the Learner Most participants gave the puppy what would have been a lethal point

Answer 54

Gender differences 100% of females 54% of males

Answer 55

Hofling et al Field experiment in a hospital Nurse called by "unknown doctor" and told to give patient 20mg of drug unknown to nurse 21/22 nurses started to give drug until nearby nurse stopped them

Answer 56

Game of Death Repeated Milgram's experiment on TV audience who were asked to shock fellow contestants Participant could see man being shocked Crowd would cheer on participants 80% gave lethal shock to "unconscious" man

Answer 57

Deceived participants by telling them it was experiment on "punishment and learning" Difficult for participants to withdraw because the Experimenter prompted them to continue Not protected from psychological harm because many participants reported feeling very stressed and anxious

Answer 58

Debriefed participants after the experiment 83.7% said they were happy to have taken part in the experiment

Answer 59

Tested obedience in a laboratory Unable to generalise findings to real-life situations

Answer 60

Proximity Uniform Location

Answer 61

Physical closeness or distance of an authority figure to the person they are giving an order to

Answer 62

Teacher-Experimenter: in same room Teacher-Learner: in adjoining rooms (couldn't see, but could hear)

Answer 63

Teacher forces Learner's hand onto a plate to shock them -- 30% Teacher and Learner in same room -- 40% Experimenter gives orders over the phone -- 20.5%

Answer 64

The place where the order is issued

Answer 65

Yale university

Answer 66

Basement -- 48% Participant said they didn't trust the experimenter

Answer 67

People in position of authority have a specific outfit that's symbolic of their authority, which tells us who is entitled to our obedience

Answer 68

Wore everyday clothes -- 20%

Answer 69

R - prodded into continuing, paid A - kept anonymous P - felt guilty afterwards, 3 had seizures from stress, when debriefed 98% happy to have taken part I - didn't shocks weren't real, thought testing memory, thought had 50/50 chance of being Teacher or Learner D - lied to

Answer 70

Hofling Gave orders over the phone 21/22 nurses obeyed

Answer 71

Bickman Milkman, security guard and businessman Security guard had highest obedience, then businessman then milkman

Answer 72

Many of participants in Milgram's experiment worked out procedure was fake Even more likely participants realised it was fake shocks in situational variations of Milgram's experiment (uniform)

Answer 73

Milgram's findings are an excuse for obedience - suggesting it is the situation not the perosn who is responsible Mandel - offensive to Holocaust survivors - suggest Nazi's simply obeyed orders and were victims of situational factors beyond their control

Answer 74

Authoritarian personality

Answer 75

Conform to social norms

Answer 76

Feel aggressive towards people who don't perform

Answer 77

Must be submissive to authority

Answer 78

2000 middle class Americans

Answer 79

Completed the f-scale which tested their unconscious attitudes towards other racial groups and fascism

Answer 80

Formed in childhood by strict rules Absolute loyalty, impossibly high standards, severe criticisms of perceived failings Love only given when you behave the correct way Leads to resentment which leads to punishing those they feel are inferior

Answer 81

Limitations - demand characteristics/social desirability bias - fascism and communism are similar Strengths - don't have investigator effects

Answer 82

Cultural bias Same class

Answer 83

Milgram and Elms People who shocked to 450V in Milgram's experiment had higher score on f-scale Negative relationship with dad

Answer 84

Agentic state Legitimacy of authority

Answer 85

When a person acts on the behalf of an authority figure/person of a higher status Actor doesn't feel personal responsibility or guilt for their actions

Answer 86

When you feel responsible for your own actions (feel guilty)

Answer 87

When you shift form autonomous state to agentic state because of binding factors

Answer 88

Reduce "moral strain" Ignoring and minimising damage they've done

Answer 89

Participant feels the pressure to stay in the experiment because they've committed to the experiment

Answer 90

65% of participants in original experiment who shocked to 450V were arguably in agentic state In one variation, additional confederate administered electric shocks on behalf of the teacher Percentage of participants rose to 92.5% Felt less responsible as responsibility was shifted (agentic shift)

Answer 91

Lifton People don't continuously shift between autonomous to agentic state Gradually move towards agentic state and that change may be irreversible Found in German doctors at Auschwitz

Answer 92

Rank and Jacobson 16/18 hospital nurses disobeyed orders from a doctor to administer an excessive drug dose Majority of nurses remained in autonomous state although doctor was obviously authority figure

Answer 93

Legitimate authority's instruction must be in accordance with the setting Participant will trust the legitimate authority to tell them the rules of the situation Legitimate authority figure typically has a uniform When a person recognises their own and other's position in a social hierarchy

Answer 94

Visible symbols of authority

Answer 95

Setting Order System

Answer 96

Only 16% of Australian participants shocked to 450V 85% of German participants shocked to 450V

Answer 97

Kelman and Hamilton Real world crimes can be explained At My Lai war crime in Vietnam, soldiers killed people when they emerged from their homes with hands up and bombed buildings Defence of soldiers was they were following orders High ecological validity

Answer 98

Blass and Schmitt Showed Milgram's experiment to students and asked who was responsible Stated experimenter was to blame because he had higher social position and was a scientist

Answer 99

Locus of control Social support

Answer 100

Whether things lie inside or outside your control What we believe influences out life On a spectrum

Answer 101

Believe everything that happens to you is because of what you do

Answer 102

Believe that everything that happens to you is due to luck, fate or destiny

Answer 103

Looked at Milgram's disobedient participants Most have internal locus of control

Answer 104

Twenge et al Analysed obedience over 40 years People are becoming more external but more resistant to obedience Theory lacks ecological and temporal validity

Answer 105

People find it easier to disobey/not conform when there is a role-model of disobedience/non-conformity

Answer 106

Conformity dropped when there was a rebel confederate

Answer 107

Allen and Levine Redid Asch's line study but added confederate with really thick glasses Asked them to say the right answer every time 36% of participants didn't conform

Answer 108

Variations of Milgram's experiment Teacher sees two other teacher's rebel = obedience is 10%

Social Influence Flashcards

(138 cards)