Social Influence Flashcards
(95 cards)
1
Q
What factors influence obedience
A
proximity to the authority figure, prestige of the authority figure and deindividuation
2
Q
What is obedience
A
Obedience is a form of social influence where an individual responds to a direct order, usually from an authority figure. It involves performing an action under the orders of an authority figure and it requires direct requests and punishments and consequences
3
Q
How does proximity to the authority figure influence obedience
A
Proximity to the authority figure is how close the authority figure is in distance or relationship to the individual. It is easier to resist the orders from an authority figure if they are not too close by or close in relation as the individual feels the punishment and consequences will not be as severe
4
Q
How does prestige of the authority figure influence obedience
A
The prestige of the authority figure is how well known they are in the community. Higher levels of perceived are associated with an increase obedience due to the admiration and respect they have.
5
Q
How does deindividuation influence obedience
A
Deindividuation is losing individuality and the ability to think and make decisions. This causes people to go along with the group behaviour.
6
Q
What is an Experimental investigation
A
It is an investigation where the experimenter can manipulate an independent variable to observe the changes in the dependent variable by testing the cause and effect relationship
7
Q
what are the advantages and disadvantages of experimental investigations
A
Advantages - demonstrates a cause of relationship, method can be replicated/repeated to see if the same findings emerge and it maximises control over relevant variables, therefore minimising the effect of extraneous variables
Disadvantages - Generalizability outside the controlled environment, some complex phenomena cannot be readily tested using pure experimental methods and ethical issues that present challenges for testing some naturally occurring phenomena
8
Q
What is conformity
A
is a form of social influence where individuals yield to group pressures so they become consistent with the opinions, judgements or actions of other people and the normative standards of a social group or situation. It involves changing behaviour at the request on another and does not rely on power dynamics.
9
Q
What is conformity affected by
A
normative social influence, informational social influence, individual characteristics
10
Q
How does normative social influence affect conformity
A
Normative social influence is when a person conforms to be accepted or belong to a group. There are 2 types of NSI - compliance and identification.
Compliance - is when people change their public behaviour but not their private beliefs
Identification - is when people change their public behaviour and their private beliefs
NSI is a short term solution due to the desire to fit in.
11
Q
How does informational social influence affect conformity
A
Informational social influence is when a person conforms to gain knowledge, or because they belief someone else is ‘right’
This is when a person changes their public behaviour and private beliefs on a long term basis.
12
Q
How do individual characteristics affect conformity
A
personal characteristics such as motivation to achieve and strong leadership abilities are linked to a decrease in the tendency to conform. Where people with lower self-esteem are more likely to conform as they feel as if they are being accepted by others.
13
Q
What are the three types of conformity
A
Compliance, Internalisation and identification
14
Q
Explain what compliance is in regard to conformity
A
Compliance is publicly changing behaviour to be more like the majority but not changing beliefs or actions privately. It is a short term change
15
Q
Explain what internalisation is in regard to conformity
A
Internalisation is changing public behaviour and private beliefs to match those of a group as they are convinced that another person’s beliefs are right so behaviour adjust to match those beliefs accordingly. It is a long term change
16
Q
Explain what identification is in regard to conformity
A
Identification is taking on the views of individuals or groups admired. It involves changing public behaviour and private beliefs but only in the presence of that group. As it is only in the presence of that group it is a short term change
17
Q
What is ethnocentric bias
A
it is a form of bias where individuals believe their own culture with all its values, practices and beliefs is superior
18
Q
What are minority communities subject to and how
A
a minority community is an ethic, religious or linguistic is any group of people which constitutes less than half of the population in the entire territory of a state. These groups often face discrimination in social life, including housing, employment, healthcare and education due being subjected to ethnocentric bias
19
Q
Describe the social impact on Australian Aboriginal People
A
20
Q
Describe the cultural impact on Australian Aboriginal people
A
21
Q
Describe the ethical impact on Australian Aboriginal people
A
22
Q
define attitude
A
refers to a set of emotions, beliefs and behaviours towards a particular object, person, issue or event that is assumed to be derived from specific beliefs, emotions and past behaviours associated with those objects. They can range from negative to positive.
23
Q
define persuasion
A
the art of convincing others to change their attitudes or behaviours. It is an active attempt by one person to change another person’s attitudes, beliefs or emotions associated with an issue, person, concept or object.
24
Q
what is the relationship between attitudes and persuasion
A
A source of persuasion can influence an attitude
25
what factors influence attitude formation and attitude change
affective component, behavioural component and cognitive components affect attitude.
- Affective component: is the emotional reactions or feelings a person has towards something, this can be an object, person, event or issue. It can be positive judgement, negative judgement or ambivalent (neutral)
- Behavioural component: refers to the actions or behaviours people do in response to the same object, person, event or issue.
- Cognitive component: refers to the thoughts or beliefs people have about the object, person, event or issue.
26
Describe how the source affect the persuasion process (YALE ATTITUDE CHANGE APPROACH)
the source refers to the person who conveys the message. The more favourably the source is viewed the more likely the message will be viewed favourably. This is determined by the credibility, trustworthiness, expertise, attractiveness and likeability of the source, and also talking quickly increases trustworthiness (as seen to know topic).
27
Describe how the message affect the persuasion process (YALE ATTITUDE CHANGE APPROACH)
Message refers to the need to evoke strong emotions or strong processing in the audience. This can include statitics or a story to arouse emotions. Positive and negative emotions are effective and repetition of the message.
28
Describe how audience affect the persuasion process (YALE ATTITUDE CHANGE APPROACH)
Audience refers to the feature of an audience that effect how easy it is to persuade attitude change. In order to be persuaded, the audience must be paying attention thus the source and message must be appropriate to the audience.
29
Describe how the peripheral processing route affects the persuasion process
The peripheral processing route requires little processing or thinking by the audience, therefore it relies on association with positive characteristics and a target audience that is young or has low selfesteem and does not need to be analytical or motivated to process message.
30
Describe how the central processing route affects the persuasion process
The central route of persuasion is logic driven and uses data and facts in the message to convince people of the persuasive message. It inolves making the audience think carefully about the message to evaluate the information and works best when the audience is analytical and willing to engage in processing. The people need a message that is credible, presented clearly and backed up by evidence as inorder for this to be effective in changing attitudes the argument must be strong.
31
Describe how the direct experience affect the persuasion process
Direct experiences refers to the personal experiences one has that causes attitudes to be formed and changed.
32
Describe how the indirect experience affect the persuasion process
indirect experiences refers to being exposed to a topic, event, issue or object through another medium that influences attitudes to be formed and changed. Attitudes, however, formed this way are more susceptible to change as the individual emotions are less intense and do not evoke the same levels of thinking or talking attitudes formed through direct experiences do.
33
How is the detection of persuasion tactics facilitated by an understanding of persuasion strategies.
understanding of persuasion strategies equips individuals with the tools to detect and critically analyze persuasion tactics, enabling them to navigate persuasive messages more effectively and resist manipulation.
34
How is the resistant to persuasion tactics facilitated by an understanding of persuasion strategies.
an understanding of persuasion strategies fosters critical thinking, emotional awareness, and self-confidence, all of which contribute to a stronger resistance to persuasion tactics. This equips individuals to navigate persuasive situations effectively and maintain their autonomy in decision-making.
35
How does the norm of reciprocity aim to persuade
the norm of reciprocity is based on the social norm that people will return a favour when one is granted to them, it is linked to the psychology of compliance and is more likely to occur when the requester has previously complied with one of the targets requests. It is used by marketers to manipulate the behaviour of prospective purchasers. With it leading people to feel obligated to return the favour of the free trial or benefit by keeping and purchasing the product.
36
How does the door in the face aim to persuade
the door in the face initially begins with a large request, suggestion, do something or purchase something. With people being initally asked to donate or purchase something worth a significant amount to which is refused and the they suggest you to purchase something worth significantly less. idea of allowing one to support the cause but on their terms.
37
how does the foot in the door aim to persuade.
The persuader gets a person to agree to a small favour or to buy a small item only to later request a larger favour or bigger purchase from them. This is also linked to the psychology of compliance because the individual has complied to the initial request making them more likely to respond positively to the additional request.
38
What is the relationship between attitudes and behaviour.
there is a bi-directional relationship between attitudes and behaviour, therefore attitudes can influence behaviour and behaviour can influence attitudes.
39
Discuss how strength of an attitude influences behaviour
Strong attitudes are those that are held firmly and highly influence behaviour, with attitudes that are important/have a vested interest to a person tend to be strong. They tend to be formed through direct experience, more stable overtime and are more resistant to counterinfluence
40
Discuss how the accessibility of an attitude influences behaviour
this refers to the ease with which an attitude comes to mind. Attitudes that are used more frequently are easier to access compared to others not explored often. Highly accessible attitudes tend to be stronger.
41
Discuss how the specificity of an attitude influences behaviour
attitude specificity ensures the attitude is more specific rather than general to ensure the behaviours are consistent
42
Explain why, in Zimbardo’s prison experiment, as the guards assumed their roles and began mistreating their prisoners, their attitude towards their prisoners changed.
This is an example of a situation where behaviour influences attitude.
This occurred due to deindividuation and cognitive dissonance.
Deindividuation: as the guards were given uniforms, sunglasses and other symbols of authority it gave them a sense of anonymity as they were less identifiable. Consequently, the deindividuation in the guards reduced their sense of personal responsibility and allowed them to act in ways unnatural to their true self.
Cognitive Dissonance: once the guards started mistreating the prisoners they may have experienced cognitive dissonance (discomfort from acting in ways inconsistent with their personal values). Thus to reduce this they likely changed their attitudes to justify their harsh actions by believing the prisoners deserved the treatment or were inferior.
43
is the link between attitude and behaviour consistently linked, provide reasoning
44
discuss how situational pressures influence behaviour
when the social situations match the attitude-behaviour consistency is greater
45
discuss how self-monitoring influence behaviour
self monitoring refers to the individual differences in the tendency to attend to social cues and to adjust behaviour to the social environment. A high self-monitored is more concerned about being accepted and liked, and therefore more likely to be persuaded by peer pressure.
46
discuss the consequences of inconsistency between attitudes and behaviour
when attitude and behaviour is inconsistent a individual can experience mental distress, an inability to predict behaviour and social desirability bias.
Mental distress is when individuals become stressed or distressed when their behaviour does not align with their attitudes. Social issues as a result of inconsistency between attitudes and behaviour could impact peoples relationships.
Inability to predict behaviour is when inconsistency between attitude and behaviour results in an inability to predict behaviour in other people.
Social desirability bias is when although people may have positive attitudes towards behaviours they see as desirable, they do not perform the behaviour as often as they say they do.
47
What are the ways of measuring attitudes
Behavioural counts, self reports, and implicit association test
48
What are self reports
it is a test/survey that relies on an individuals own report of their symptoms, behaviours, beliefs or attitudes.
49
What are the advantages of self reports
advantage of directly questioning participants and allowing them to respond with their own perception of their attitude and the extent to which they agree with the questions being asked.
50
what are the disadvantages of self reports
disadvantage is social desirability factors can mean responses are not always truthful or accurate.
51
what are behavioural counts
it is a behavioural frequency count where an observer keeps a cumulative tally of the number of times a certain behaviour in a patient is observed during period.
52
what are the advantages of behavioural counts
they are well suited for gathering data about some kind of issues
53
what are the disadvantages of behavioural counts
due to inconsistencies between behaviour and attitude, just observing a behaviour is not necessarily an accurate measure of an attitude.
Cannot measure the strength of the attitude
54
what are Implicit Association Tests
used to measure the strength of associations between concepts in a persons mind. It aims to reveal implicit biases; attitudes or stereotypes that people may hold unconsciously.
- participants are asked to rapidly categorise words or images into groups, for example, a test might ask them to sort words or images related to certain categorises.
55
What are the advantages of a Implicit Association test
reveals unconscious biases
time efficient and easy to complete
difficult to fake
56
What are the disadvantages of a Implicit Association Test
Validity concerns as some studies suggest that the results can be influenced by external factors
Inconsistent predictive of attitude - not a reliable indicator of how an individual will act in situations
57
What is prejudice
a negative attitude towards another person or group formed in advance of any experience with that person or group. It includes affective components (mild nervousness to hatred) a cognitive component (assumptions or beliefs about a group) and a behavioural component (negative behaviours including discrimination and violence).
58
how are prejudice, discrimination and stereotyping are linked
Stereotypes lead to prejudiced attitudes which in turn can result in discriminatory actions.
59
What are the reasons why people are prejudiced
There are various reasons why people are prejudiced these include intentional biases, exposure and learning.
60
How does unintentional biases lead to prejudice
unintentional biases are inbuilt attitudes that people can use when they process information. Such biases include confirmation, attribution, gender and conformity biases.
Confirmation bias: this bias occurs when individuals favour or choose information that fits with their existing beliefs and is selective, meaning that they might overlook or reject information or ideas that do not fit with current views.
Attribution bias: is when something good happens, or individuals achieve good outcomes they attribute this to their own behaviours. When something bad happens mistakes are made, and they attribute this to external factors, other people, or things outside their control.
Gender bias: is the tendency to prefer one gender over another. Consider gender bias when hiring new employees and peoples preference with working with others in a industry,.
Conformity bias: this relates to the original research on conformity, this bias is the tendency to behave the same as other members in the group.
61
How does exposure lead to prejudice
Direct and indirect experiences can lead to prejudice.
Direct experiences are likely to assist with the formation of a stereotype (cognition) and then prejudice through/action (affective).
Indirect experiences are also likely to exposure people to or assist with the formation of stereotypes. People tend to conform to the social norms that they are exposed to in their daily lives. If a person's friends and family develop prejudice towards a group of people, there is a high likelihood they will too.
62
How does learning lead to prejudice
People are not born with prejudice attitudes and stereotypes. These are learned from the people around them. The social learning theory suggest that prejudice is learned the same way as other attitudes and beliefs from the people around the.
Association: may learn to associate a particular group with poverty, crime, violence etc.
Reinforcement: may be reinforced for telling inappropriate jokes
Modelling: children may simply imitate the prejudices of their older family and popular friends.
63
What are the effects of prejudice
The three effects of prejudice are social stigma, internalisation of others evalulations and stereotype threat.
64
Describe the effects of social stigma
Social stigma is used to explain the disapproval of or discrimination against a person based on a stereotype that may associate or be associated with.
Members of stigmatised social groups have threatened sense of social identity and is psychologically harmful.
65
Describe the effects of internalisation of others' evaluations
internalisation of others evaluation refers to the process in which a person cognitively or emotionally absorbs negative messages or stereotypes they have heard now believe and apply to themselves.
Those that are stereotyped suffer from changed behaviour which influences emotions and beliefs.
Can lead to a self fulfilling prophecy
66
what is the effect of stereotype threat
this refers to a situation in which people are or feel themselves to be at risk of conforming to stereotypes about their social group.
67
What are the strategies for changing attitudes and reducing prejudice
Education and awareness
Intergroup Contact
Cognitive dissonance
Media representation
68
Why are explicit forms of discrimination now illegal and socially censored
due to a combination of legal, social and moral progression.
- legal protections; Laws (eg., civil rights act) promote equality and ban discrimination
- Moral shifts; society values fairness and human rights
- historical awareness; recognition of past injustices motivates rejection of disrimination
- Social pressure; public condemnation discourages overt discriminator behaviour
- Economic pressure; discrimination harms reputations and business
Psychological research; shows the harmful effects of discrimination on mental health
69
How is reluctance to help different from explicit forms of discrimination
reluctance to help is a subtle form of bias, where individuals may avoid offering assistance to certain groups, often without hostility or explicit prejudice. it differs from explicit discrimination as it is passive, indirect and often harder to detect, whereas explicit disrimination is active, direct and intentional actions.
70
How is tokenism different from explicit forms of discrimination
Tokenism is the practice of making a minimal or symbolic effort to include members of underrepresent groups to avoid criticism or give the appearance of inclusivity, without promoting equality. It involves superficial inclusion where explicit discrimination involves clear and intentional exclusion
71
How is reverse discrimination different from explicit forms of discrimination
Reverse discrimination refers to the perception or practice of favouring historically disadvantaged groups at the expense of majority groups. it is perceived bias against majority groups to correct historical imbalances where explicit discrimination is intentional bias or unfair treatment targeting minority groups.
72
How is social influence linked with social media
Social influence refers to the way individuals change their behaviour, attitudes, or beliefs based on the influence of others. Social media amplifies social influence by providing platforms where opinions, trends and behaviours can spread rapidly.
- Norm setting; social media establishes social norms as users often conform to popular opinions/behaviours to fit in
- peer pressure; likes, comments and shares reinforce behaviours encouraging users to adopt similar attitudes/actions
- influencers; social media influencers hold significant saw over their followers, shaping opinions and consumer behaviour
73
What is self presentation and its important functions
- refers to how people attempt to present themselves to control or shape how others (the audience) view them. It involves expressing oneself and behaving in ways that create a desired impression.
- functions: helps facilitate social interaction; enables individuals to attain material and social rewards; helps people privately construct desired identities
74
How would self-presentation be managed differently on social media than in face to face contact
On online
- increased pressure to present positive attributes, sometimes withholding the authentic self
- can misrepresent oneself to gain social rewards
- self promotion occurs more frequently on social media
In face to face
- less likely to share the same volume of influence compared to online
- verbal and non verbal cues could contradict images online
75
How do the images posted on social media demonstrate and validate self-concept
self concept refers to ones private sense of self, who they are and what is it that makes them. It helps to build self identity and see oneself. Thus validation of self concept is achieved by users carefully crafting their online presence such as posting images that only show the most enviable moments and picture-perfect photos.
76
Why are high self-monitors likely to enage in social media more than lower self-monitors
High self monitor worry about their image and how they present to others. They are more likely to engage in strategic use of social media in attempt to validate their self concept and manage their self presentation. Low self monitors are more concerned with genuineness. They have less engagement on social media and refrain from using this as a means of validation and self presentation.
77
What is the importance of schemata in impression management
Schemata are mental structures that help individuals organise and interpret information about the world including social interactions. in the context of impression management schemata help guide perceptions by allowing individuals to assess and interpret other behaviours allowing for judgments about how to present themselves, influence behaviour by relying of existing schemata about social norms and expectations (individuals can tailor their self-presentation to align with what is acceptable or desirable in context), ensures consistency by creating expectation about how to behave in various social situations and reduces uncertainty by providing a framework for understanding social cues.
78
What is the importance of primacy in impression management
Primacy effect is the phenomenon where information received at the beginning carries more weight than the information that follows. Thus, the initial perception often sets the tone for future interactions, influencing how people interpret later information about a certain person, individuals can also leverage the primacy effect by carefully crafting their initial presentation to ensure they create a favourable first impressions, and can impact personal and professional relationships.
79
What is the importance of recency in impression management
Recency effect is phenomena where the most recent information received carries more weight than information received prior. Importance is that can shape current perceptions as recent actions have strong influence on how individuals are perceived, can update impressions as people tend to revise their opinions based on the latest interactions, can overcome past negativity and can influence evaluations and decisions.
80
What is the importance of information that is distinctive in impression management
distinctive information's refers to unique or unusual traits behaviour or characteristic that set an individual apart from others. They are important in impression managements as they are attention grabbing, create memorable impressions, shape personal narratives and differentiate from stereotypes.
81
How can social media have positive effects on mental health
helping behaviours, altruism and cooperation
Strong positive correlation between engagement with SM and pro-social behaviours and a negative correlation between gaming and online pro-social behaviours.
Gaming online means that players work collaboratively within a team.
Can strengthen existing interpersonal relationships.
Allows individuals to explore and experiment with identify and self-expression.
82
How can social media have negative effects on mental health
Individuals suffering from anxiety spend 89 more minutes/week on social media.
A study found if you engage with 3 or more platforms you are more likely to be diagnosed with depression and anxiety.
There is a difference between passive use and active use and depression diagnoses.
83
How can the use of fear as a strategy motivate behavioural change
84
How can the use of knowledge about components of attitudes and elements of persuasion by advertisers change the behaviour of individuals and groups.
85
How can the use of knowledge about components of attitudes and elements of persuasion by political campaigners change the behaviour of individuals and groups.
86
How can the use of knowledge about components of attitudes and elements of persuasion by employers change the behaviour of individuals and groups.
87
How can the use of knowledge about components of attitudes and elements of persuasion by corporations change the behaviour of individuals and groups.
88
How does self-presentation differ from self-monitoring
89
What is the affective component of attitude
it is the emotional reactions or feelings an individual has towards something - this can be an object, person, event or issue. It can be a positive judgements, a negative judgement or ambivalent (neutral)
90
What is the behavioural component of attitude
Refers to the actions or behaviours that individuals do in response to the same object, person, event or issue
91
What is the cognitive component of attitude
refers to the thoughts or beliefs an individual has about the topic. The beliefs are linked to what we have learned about the world, shaped by experiences and people we meet.
92
What are the main approaches that someone can be influenced by persuasion.
Yale attitude change approach
Elaboration likelihood model
Experience
93
What is the Yale Attitude Change Approach to persuasion
it demonstrates that certain features of the source of a persuasive message, the content of the message and the characteristics of the audience will influence the persuasiveness of a message.
Source is the person who conveys the message - the more favourably the source is viewed the more likely individuals are to view the message favourably.
- this is determined by the credibility, trustworthiness, expertise, attractiveness and likeability.
Message is the need to evoke strong emotions or strong processing in the audience
- this can include statistics or a story to arouse emotions
- including effective positive and negative emotions
- repetition of the message
Audience is the features of an audience that also effect how easy it is to persuade attitude change
- in order to b persuaded the audience members must be paying attention
- older generations have conservative views, they are more likely to have formed attitudes through direct experience.
94
What is The Elaboration Likelihood Model in regard to persuasion
Includes peripheral and central processing routes.
Central route of persuasion
- this making the audience of the message think carefully about the message to evaluate the information.
- it is logic driven and uses data and facts in the message to convince people of the persuasive message
- it works best when the audience is analytical and is willing to engage in processing the information
- people need a message that is credible, presented clearly and simply and is backed up by evidence
- for this route to be effective changing attitudes, thoughts and behaviours the argument must be strong.
Peripheral route of persuasion
- requires little processing or thinking by the audience
- relies on association with positive characteristics
- the audience that is targeted is often one that is young or has low self-esteem
- the audience does not need to be analytical or motivated to process the message.
95
What are direct and indirect experience of persuasion
Direct Experiences
- attitudes are formed and changes through direct experience - when you have experience something yourself
Indirect Experiences
- being exposed to a topic, event, issue or object through another medium
- attitudes formed this way are more susceptible to change, as they are less emotionally intense and do not evoke the same levels of thinking or talking attitudes formed through direct experiences do.
