Social Influence Flashcards
(45 cards)
1
Q
What is conformity? (💡pressure)
A
The act of yielding to group pressure
2
Q
Define internalization? (💡Private+Public)
A
- Publicly and privately changing your opinions and views according to a group norms
- Permanent+persist in absence of group members
- Actions = Internalized
3
Q
Define Identification (💡Public ≠ Private)
A
- when we value a group= change opinions publicly
- upon leaving= return to private opinions/behaviors
4
Q
Define Compliance?
(💡Temp agreement)
A
- involves: superficial change in attitude
- changes stop =group pressure ceases
5
Q
What is ISI as an explanation for conformity?
A
- Desire to be right
- Most likely in ambiguous situations
- Most likely when decisions have to be made quickly
- cognitive process leads to internalization
6
Q
What is NSI as a definition of conformity?
A
- Desire to not look foolish
- Most likely in situations where norms are unknown
- Most likely concerned about social approval
- emotional rather than cognitive process leads to compliance
7
Q
Give a research support for NSI (💡Asch)
A
- Asch found: participants conformed because of fear of stupidity/ disapproval
- when participants wrote down answers instead: conformity fell to 12.5%
- Shows= at least some conformity is from a desire to not be rejected by group
8
Q
Give a research support for ISI (💡Lucas et al)
A
- Lucas: found that participants conformed when maths questions were harder
- harder questions = more ambiguous so rely on answers given
- Shows = individual conform as a result of desire to be right
9
Q
Give a counterpoint to NSI+ISI
💡real word opp
💡Dissenter operation
A
- Dissenter may= reduce power of NSI (Social support)
- Dissenter may= reduce power of ISI (Alternative source)
- therefore; hard to separate and operate together in real life
Luca: found that distinction between both is unnecessary
- it is difficult to work out which is in operation.
10
Q
Give a limitation to NSI+ ISI
(💡 Luca)
A
- individual difference: some people are concerned about being liked by others
- Luca: found that distinction between both is unnecessary
- it is difficult to work out which is in operation.
11
Q
What was Ach’s procedure
💡sample
- Task
- Trials
A
- 123 America make participants
-individual asked to compared standard line to others - there were 18 trials were, 12 critical trials confederates clearly gave wrong answer
12
Q
What were the main findings of Asch’s study?
💡 Percentages!
A
-75% conformed at least once
-36.8% conformed in total
- 25% Never conformed
13
Q
How did Group size affect the findings in Asch’s study?
💡Data + Explanation
A
- 2 confederates = 13.6% increase
- 3 confederates = 32.8% increase
- Above 3 confed= no significant increase
Explanation: just one person is enough to say opinions because people are very sensitive to this
14
Q
How did unanimity affect the findings in Asch’s Study?
💡 Data + Explanation
A
- conformity reduced to less than a quarter then when majority was unanimous
- conformity reduced if dissenter gave wring or right answers
Explanation: having a dissenter enabled the naive participants to behave more independently
15
Q
How did Task difficulty affect the findings of Asch’s line study
💡Data & Task
-Explanation
-NSI/ISI?
A
- Task: standard line and comparison line more similar in length
- Conformity increased
Explanation: more ambiguous= more likely to seek to seek guidance - This NSI
16
Q
Give a limitation of Asch’s study
💡Artifical task + Fiske
💡Explanation
A
- Paticipants knew here were in research = dealing charcteristucs
-Fiske (2014) argues that groups≠not like real life groups
-This means- hard to generalize especially when consequences of conformity is important
17
Q
What is a limitation of Asch’s study
💡Limited application
💡Neto + Bond and smith
💡Explanation
A
- Only American mean tested
- Neto suggest that women maybe more conformist
- Bond and Smith= Also, individualist+collectivist culture found to have higher conformity
- This means that the findings tell us little about conformity in women+ people from some cultures = limited application
18
Q
Give one research support that support Asch’s study
💡Luca et al + Outline
💡Explanation + task difficulty
A
- Lucas eat al asked participants to solve easy and hard maths questions and give false answers from other paricipants
- Participants conformed more often and agreed when questions were harder
- This shows: Asch was correct that task difficulty is interested variable affecting conformity.
19
Q
How does Asch’s study raise ethical questions?
💡Deception + Consent
A
While study provide insight into why people conform
- participants were decided and unable ton give informed consent
- this means that the research is questionable but findings can be justified as a result of application
20
Q
Describe the baseline procedure of Zimbardo’s SPE
💡 Location
💡sample + role allocation
💡Social role encouragement (2)
A
- Mock prison in the basement of psychology department at Stanford prison experiment
-21 male student volunteers and randomly allocated role of prisoner or guard - social roles were encouraged by two routes:
1. Uniform: this encourage deindividuation as participants were strip searched, give a uniform and adressed by allocated number.
2. Instructions about behaviors: prisoners would have to ask for a parole to leave and Guards were told they had complete power over prisoners
21
Q
What did Zimabardo find during the SPE?
💡Settement into roles
💡Duration of study + three prisoners
💡Explanation: effective of social roles
A
- Guards payed their roles enthusiastically and treated prisoners harshly
- Three prisoners were released early because of signs of psychological disturbance
- The study was stopped after six days instead of the panes 14 days
- Explantion: social roles are powerful influences on behavior - most conformed strongly to their roles
Guards became brutal+ prisoners became submissive
Other volunteers also easily conformed to their riles in the prison (i.e Chaplain)
22
Q
Give one strength of ZImbardo’s SPE
💡 Control + Internal validity
💡selection of participants + impact on roles
💡Expalantion: confidence in drawing conclusions
A
- emotionally stable participants selected and randomly recruited and allocated roles
- roles off guards therefore not as a result of personality
- this means that control increased the internal validity. So we have more confidence in drawing conclusions about the effects of social roles on conformity;
23
Q
Explain one limitation of Zimbardo study
💡Banuaziz +stereotypes
A
- Banuazizi suggest that participants acted according to stereotypes of how guards and prisoners are supposed to behave
-this suggest that the SPE tells us little about conformity to social roles in actual prison
24
Q
Give a limitation of Zimabardo’s SPE
💡Exaggeration of Social roles + Data
💡Explanation + dispositional influences
A
- The power of social roles to influence behavior may have been exaggerated
- Onlya third of the guards behaved brutally
- this means that the SPE overstates the view that the guard were conforming to a brutal role and minimized dispositional influences (i.e personality)
25
Describe the baseline procedure of Milgram’s Study
💡Sample
💡 Allocation of roles
💡Task + consequence
- Recruited 40 American Male participants supposedly for a memory test
- Each participant drew lots for their roles but Mr Wallace (confederate) was always the learner and participant was teacher
- The teacher had to give learner increasingly severe electric shock each time question was wrong
- Fake Shocks increased from 15 to 450 volts
26
What are the key findings from Milgram’s experiment?
💡Data + participant observation
💡Explanation
- 12.5% (5 participants) stopped at 300 volts
- 65% continued to 450 volts (highest level)
- Particpants showed leaves of extreme tension and 3 had full blown uncontrollable seizures
- Explanation: we obey legitimate authority eve if it means that our behavior causes har to someone else and certain situational factors can encourage obedience
27
What research is supporting Milgram’s experiment?
💡Hofling+Beauvois
💡Explanation
- Hofling et al: found that nurses were surprisingly obedient to unjustified instructions from a doctor in a hospital setting
- Beauvois: in a French documentary, 80% of contestants after being paid, gave the maximum 450 volts to an apparently unconscious man.
- This supports Milgram original findings about obedience to authority
28
What is a limitation of Milgram’s study?
💡Perry + Internal validity
- Perry (2013) analysed the archive of the tape recordings and found that only half of the participants believed that the shocks were real.
- This suggests that participants may have been responding to demand characteristics and therefore reducing the internal validity of the experiment
29
Discuss the ethical issues of Milgram’s study
💡deception + Explanation
📍Keep going, you’re doing great x
- The participants in the study were deceived and thought the shocks were real
- psychologist feel that this deception could have serious consequences on participants i. No informed consent
- This means that research can damage the reputations of psychologist and their research in the eyes for the public
30
How did proximity affect the findings from Milgram’s study?
💡Teacher + learner data + Expalantion
📍There’s literally nothing you cannot do x
- Teacher + learner in the same room= dropped from 65% to 40%
- Teacher forcing hand of learners= obedience rate was 30%
- Experimenter gave instructions over the phone= rate was 20.5%
- Explanation: decreased proximity allows people to psychologically distance themselves from the consequences of their actions.
31
How did Location affect the findings of Milgram’s study?
💡Baseline Location + Data
💡Explanation
📍Tough one but you’ve got it x
- The study was conducted in a run-down building rather than the prestigious Yale university as a baseline
- Conformity dropped to 47.5%
- Explanation: this is because the university is regarded as legitimate authority therefore obedience was higher
32
How did uniform affect the findings of Milgram’s study?
💡Baseline study + variation
💡 Data +Explanation
📍You’re going to smash this x
- The experiment wore a grey lab coat as a uniform in the baseline study
- In one variation, he role was taken by an ordinary member of the public in normal clothes
- Obedience fell to 20%, the lowest of these variations
-Explanation: a uniform is a string symbol of legitimate authority granted by the society. Someone without uniform has less right to expect obedience
33
Describe one research support as a strength for the influence of situational variables
💡Bickman + more likely to obey who?
💡 Explanation
📍Trust the process love🙂↕️\]
- Bickman’s confederates dressed in jackets, milkman and security guard issues demand (i.e order liter picking in New York)
- Peole were twice as likely to obey the ‘security guard’ than the other outfits
- Explanation: this shows what a situational variable such as uniform, does have a powerful effect on obedience
34
What is the definition of agentic state as a situational Expalantion of obedience?
💡Definition+ Explanation
💡Opposite + Explanation
💡Think Milgram!
📍you’ve got this one babes x
- This refers to acting on behalf of another person and when individuals s become an “agent” they feel no person responsibility for their action.
- when an individual is not in an agent, they are in Autonomous state. This means they are independent so they act accoding to principles and feel responsible for their actions.
35
Define legitimacy of authority as a situational explanation for obedience
💡Define
💡Why + Expalantion
📍Think a bit harder, its in there love x
- This means that we obey people further up the social hierarchy i.e police officers over random person
- This is legitimate because it is agreed by society to aid smooth running
- Therefore we obey them as a result of control handed over
36
Describe a research that supports the agentic state as a situational explanation for obedience
💡Think Milgram’s variations
📍Tug it out x
- most of the participants asked ther experimenter who was repsobsibel and he replied “I’m responsible” when this happened, participants went through procedure without objecting.
- This shows particpants acted more easily as an agent when the were not responsible for their action.
37
Describe the Authoritarian personality as a dispositional explanation for obedience
💡 Adorno + Findings
💡Origin + characteristics
📍there’s literally nothing you cannot do x
- Adorno et al after conducting an experiment using the f-scale found that people with an Authoritarian personality are especially obedient to authority
- They have an exaggerated respect and submissiveness while having contempt for inferior in the society
- This originates in childhood as a result of overly strict parenting and discipline.
38
Give a research support that shows that authoritarians are obedient
💡Think obedient group from Milgram’s experiment
📍Think it out loud love x
- Elms and Milgram interviewed 20 fully obedience particioants from Milgram’s original obedience study and found that they significantly scoured higher on the F- scale in comparison to a disobedient group
- This suggest that obedient people may share the same characteristics of people with an authoritarian personality
39
Explain social support as a way of method of resistance to social influence
💡Conformity + Research
💡Obedience + Research
📍take your time with this one x
- When a dissenter is present pressure to conform is reduced as dissenter is seen as a role model.
- This is seen in Asch’s study as reduced in average to less than a quarter than the original
- When a dissenter is present, pressure to obey is reduced as dissenter challenges the legitimacy of the authority figure
- This is seen in Milgram’s study as obedience reduced from 65% to 10% in the disobedient peer condition
40
Describe Locus of control as an explanation for residence to social influence
💡Internal + External
💡More likely + Explanation
📍you’ll eat this up x
- Rotter found in his research that Internals belief that things that happened to the are largely controlled by themselves while externals believe that things happen outside of their control
- people with internal locus are more likely to resist pressures to conform or obey
- This is because they are more likely to base their decisions on their own beliefs and are more confident, not needing social approval
41
What is minority influence?
💡Definition
💡Different from conformity how?
💡leads to + Processes
📍there’s literally nothing you cannot do x
- This refers to how one Person/group influences the beliefs and behaviors of other people
- This is different from conformity as the minority influences the majority (conformity = majority influence)]
- This leads to internalization as both public and private behaviors are changed
- There are three processes involved in this: consistency, commitment and flexibility
42
Describe the process involved in minority influence
💡Define + Explain
- Consistency (always doing the same things): this could involve synchronic or diachronic consistency: saying the same thing vs saying it for a long period of time
- Commitment (showing deep involvement): this helps gain attention especially through risky activities
- Flexibility (showing willingness to listen to others): this is done to avoid rigidity and allow for compromise
43
Explain what it meant by the “snowball effect”
💡Define + Expalantion
📍it’s in there love x
- Snowball effect: overtime more people become converted like a snowball gathering more snow as it rolls along
- The more this happens,the faster the rate of conversion
- Gradually the minority view becomes the majority and social change as occurred
44
Describe a research supporting consistency as a process of minority influence
💡Moscovici + Findings
💡 Counter argument + Explanation
📍tug it out boo x
- Moscovici found that a consistent minority opinions d a greater effect in other People than an inconsistent one
-however, the task in this study( identifying the color of a slide) was an artificial task
- therefore reducing the validity of how minority influence works in real work situation.
45
Describe Nemeth’s study as a support for flexibility in minority influence
💡Task + Successful group
💡Balance + Explanation
📍you’ve done harder ones x
- participants sin a group of 4 had to agree on the amount of compensation they would give to a victim of a ski-life accident
- when the confederate compromised and gave gave a slightly higher rate than previous one, the minory are more likely to change their views
- This questions the idea of consistency and suggest that striking a balance between the two is the misty successful strategy for a minority to adopt
