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Social Influence Flashcards

(54 cards)

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1
Q

Findings of Asch’s study?

A

Naive participants confirmed on 37% trials

25% never conformed

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2
Q

What were the variations of Asch’s study?

A

Conformity increased up to group size of four
Dissenter reduced conformity
Conformity increased when task was harder

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3
Q

What are some evaluations of Asch’s study

A

A child of its time- Perrin and spencer found less conformity in 80’s than 50’s
Artificial situation - demand characteristics meant participants played along with trivial task
Limited application- Only conducted on American men
Ethical issues

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4
Q

What were the procedures of Zimbardos research?

A

Mock prison with students randomly assigned guards or prisoners

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5
Q

Findings of Zimbardos research

A

Guards became increasingly brutal

Prisoners increasingly withdrawn and depressed

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6
Q

Conclusions of Zimbardos research

A

Participants conformed to their roles as guards or prisoners

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7
Q

Evaluations of Zimbardos research

A

Random assignment to roles increased internal validity
Lack of realism- participants play acting their roles according to media derived stereotypes
Dispositional influences- 1/3 of guards brutal so conclusions exaggerated
Ethical issues

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8
Q

Procedure of milgrams research?

A

Participants gave fake electric shocks to a ‘learner’ in obedience to instructions from the ‘experimenter’

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9
Q

Findings of milgrams research

A

Low internal validity- participants realised shocks fake
Replication with real shocks got similar results
Good external validity- findings generalise to other situations (hospital wards)
Game of death found 80% fave maximum shock, similar behaviour to milgrams participants
Ethical issues
Could be social identity theory?

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10
Q

What is internalisation

A

Private and public acceptance of group norms

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11
Q

What is identification

A

Change behaviour to be part of a group we identify with

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12
Q

What is compliance

A

Go along with the group publicly but no private change

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13
Q

What is informational social influence

A

Conforms to be right

Assumes others know better then us

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14
Q

What is normative social influence

A

Conforms to be liked or accepted by group

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15
Q

Evaluation of ISI

A

Research support- more conformity to incorrect maths answers when they were difficult as predicted by ISI

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16
Q

Evaluation of NSI

A

Individual differences in NSI

Naffiliators want to be liked more

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17
Q

Evaluation of both NSI and ISI

A

Isi and nsi work together

Dissenter may reduce power of ISI And NSI

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18
Q

Three situational variables of obedience

A

Proximity
Location
Uniform

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19
Q

Explain how proximity affected Milgram’s research

A

Obedience decreased to 40% when teacher could hear learner

To 30% in touch proximity conditions

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20
Q

Explain how location affected Milgrams research

A

Obedience decreased to 47’5% when study moved to run down office block

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21
Q

Explain how uniform affected Milgrams research

A

Obedience decreased to 20% when ‘member of public’ was the experimenter

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22
Q

Evaluation of situational variables

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A

Bickman showed power of uniform in field experiment

Lack of internal validity- some of Milgrams procedures contrived so not genuine obedience (Orne and Holland)

Cross cultural replications- support milgram
Almost all studies in similar cultures to USA so not generalisable

‘The obedience alibi’

23
Q

What are the three social psychological factors affecting obedience

Study These Flashcards
A

Agentic state
Autonomous state
Binding factors

24
Q

Explain Agentic state

Study These Flashcards
A

Acting as agent of another

25
Explain autonomous state
Free to act according to conscience | Switching between the two - Agentic shift
26
Explain binding factors
Allow individual to ignore he damaging effects of their obedient behaviour
27
Evaluation to support Agentic state
Blass and Schmitt found that people do blame the legitimate authority for the participants behaviour
28
A limited explanation of Agentic state ?
Cannot explain why some of Milgrams participants disobeyed or the lack of moral strain in Hofling et al's nurses
29
What is legitimacy of authority
Created by hierarchical nature of society
30
What is destructive authority
Problems arise e.g Hitler
31
Evaluation of legitimacy of authority
Cultural differences- explains obedience in different cultures because reflects different social hierarchies 'Obedience alibi' revisited Real life crimes of obedience
32
Procedure of Adorno's authoritarian personality
Adorno et al used F-scale to study unconscious attitudes towards other racial groups
33
Finding of authoritarian personality
People with authoritarian personalities identify with the 'strong' and have fixed cognitive style
34
What are authoritarian characteristics
Extreme respect for authority and obedience to it
35
Origin of authoritarian personality?
Harsh parenting creates hostility that cannot be expressed against parents so is displaced
36
Evaluations of authoritarian personality
Some of Milgrams participants had authoritarian personalities (Elms) Limited - can't explain increased in obedience across a whole culture Better explanation is social identity theory Political bias- equates authoritarian personality with right wing ideology Ignores extreme left wing authoritarianism Methodological problems Correlation not causation
37
What is the locus of control
LOC is sense of what directs events in our lives (Rotter)
38
Explain the continuum
High internal at one end and high external at the other
39
Use LOC to explain resistance to social influence
People with high internal LOC are more able to resist pressures to conform or obey
40
Evaluate the locus of control
Internals less likely to fully obey in Milgram type procedure (Holland) Contradictory research People have become more external and more disobedient recently (Twenge et al) Hard for LOC to explain Limited role of locus of control
41
Explain conformity in social support
Reduced by presence of dissenters from the group
42
Explain obedience in social support
Decreases in presence of disobedient peer who acts as a model to follow
43
Evaluation of social support
Conformity decreased when one person dissents even if they are not credible (Allen and Levine) Obedience drops when disobedient role models are present ( Gamson et al)
44
What four factors are needed for minority influence
Consistency Commitment Flexibility The process of change
45
Explain consistency in minority influence
If minority is consistent this attracts attention of the majority over time
46
Explain commitment in minority influence
Augmentation principle- personal sacrifices show commitment and attract attention
47
Explain flexibility in minority influence
Minority more convincing if they accept some counter arguments
48
Explain process of change in minority influence
Above factors make majority think more deeply about issue Snowball effect - minority view gathers momentum until it becomes majority influence
49
Evaluation of minority influence
Research support for consistency- moscovici's blue green slides and Wood et al's meta analysis Research support for depth of thought- minority views have longer effect because they are deeply processed (Martin et al) Artificial tasks- tasks often trivial so tell us little about real life influence Supports internalisation Limited real word applications
50
What is the special role of minority influence in social change
Minority influence is powerful force for innovation and social change Civil rights movement in USA
51
Lessons from conformity research leading to social change?
NSI can lead to social change by drawing attention to what majority is doing
52
Lessons from obedience leading to social change?
Disobedient role models Gradual commitment is how obedience leads to change
53
Evaluation of social change
NSI valid explanation of social change e.g reducing energy consumption (Nolan et al) Only indirectly effective- effects of minority influence are limited because they are indirect and appear later (Nemeth) Role of deeper processing- majority views that are processed more deeply than majority views, challenging central feature of minority influence Barriers to social change Methodological issues
54
What was the procedures of Asch's study?
Confederates deliberately gave wrong answers to see if participants would conform

Psychology (3 decks)

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