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Social Psychology > Social Influence > Flashcards

Social Influence Flashcards

1
Q

Implicit vs Explicit norms

A

Implicit: unwritten laws
Explicit: formal laws

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2
Q

Descriptive vs Injunctive Norms

A

Descriptive: how people actually behave
Injunctive: what you’re expected to do

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3
Q

What percent of participants conformed at least once in Solomon’s Line Experiment?

A

76%

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4
Q

What effect does a cohesive group have on conformity?

A

Increases the magnitude of it

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5
Q

What is the difference between Informational and Normative Social Influence?

A

Informational is cognitive, it is conforming because of your desire to be accurate
Normative is emotional, conforming because of your desire to be liked.

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6
Q

What is individuation?

A

Our need to be unique from others, a reason that we would not conform

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7
Q

What are the 3 conditions for a minority’s social influence to become mainstream?

A

1) members must be consistent
2) can’t appear too rigid and dogmatic
3) have to capitalize on the wind/current social trend

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8
Q

What is the foot-in-the-door technique?

A

A commitment/consistency tactic, agree to a small request and then they are more likely to agree to a larger request later

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9
Q

What is the low ball technique?

A

Once you make a verbal commitment to something, you’ll be more likely to still commit to it, even if the circumstances change

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10
Q

What is the Door-in-the-face technique?

A

Ask for a large request and then get a yes when you ask for a smaller more reasonable one

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11
Q

What is the That’s Not All technique?

A

When someone throws in something extra, you feel the need to reciprocate with a yes

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12
Q

Define Obedience

A

One person obeys a direct order from another person to complete an action

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13
Q

What percentage of people went all the way to the end of Milgram’s electric shock experiment?

A

65%

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14
Q

What are the three determinants of destructive obedience?

A
  1. The responsibility can be passed to the authority in charge
  2. The authority has a badge, uniform, or lab coat
  3. There is a gradual escalation of orders and they don’t start off with something you wouldn’t do
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15
Q

What are the three ways to resist destructive obedience?

A
  1. Remind the target that they and not the authority will be held responsible
  2. Have another disobedient person in the situation so they don’t feel alone
  3. Have knowledge of the Milgram experiment
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16
Q

What is the difference between Hostile and Instrumental Aggression?

A

Hostile: angry, feeling hostility, you’re not worried about the outcome
Instrumental: driven by a desired outcome, no anger, often found in sports (i.e. pushing someone to get towards the end goal of winning the game)

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17
Q

What are the 3 levels of aggression?

A
  1. Verbal vs Physical
  2. Passive vs Active
  3. Indirect vs Direct
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18
Q

What is the most common type of aggression?

A

Physical Active, Direct

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19
Q

What is the Thanatos Theory of Aggression?

A

Thanatos is an aggressive instinct that people try to repress, it is part of the ID which contains the pressure cooker where aggression keeps cooking until it is released.

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20
Q

What are ways to release Thanatos?

A

Sports, chopping wood, Watching TV or watching someone else be aggressive so you can release it vicariously

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21
Q

What is the Catharsis Hypothesis?

A

That you can release aggression vicariously

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22
Q

What is Lorenz’s Evolutionary Instinct Theory?

A

The fit survive, the aggressive-trait possessing species are the ones who survive and mate, therefore we are the genetic descendants of aggressive cavemen.

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23
Q

What is the Drive Theory of aggression?

A

That frustrating situations that interfere with your intended goal cause aggression, a frustrating circumstance DRIVES aggressive behavior

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24
Q

How does operant conditioning lead to aggression?

A

If children are rewarded for their aggression it will lead to more

25
Q

How does a script lead to aggression?

A

If the expected behavior for a situation is aggressive (football game), then the person is more likely to be aggressive

26
Q

How does appraisal/interpretation affect aggression?

A

If you think someone is an aggressive person, you are more likely to view their neutral behavior as aggressive, also some people react to different stimulus with aggression

27
Q

What is the hostile expectation bias?

A

Paranoid people, assuming everyone is out to get them.

28
Q

What is a type A personality?

A

they view things as urgent, are impatient, and can sometimes be more aggressive.

29
Q

Why would a narcissistic person be more aggressive?

A

Because they are more likely to take things personally, view everything as being about them

30
Q

What is a cultural norm that could lead to aggression?

A

The “Cultural honor” norm, that it is normal to respond aggressively if someone insults your honor, threatens to take your partner, etc.

31
Q

Who is sexual jealousy normally geared towards?

A

Your partner

32
Q

In Zillman’s Valence-Arousal model to show the Curvilinear Relationship, what happened?

A

More arousal generally led to more aggression, but the experiment was flawed because some people reacted unfavorably to the more hardcore porn

33
Q

What does violent porn lead to?

A

Aggression towards women

34
Q

What is the excitation transfer theory for arousal?

A

You are more likely to get angry after working out (for example) and then misattribute the exercise excitation to anger

35
Q

Describe arousal as a distration

A

If you are more aroused you’re less likely to think clearly about the situation and are more likely to make hard decisions that you might not have otherwise.

36
Q

What are the multiple mediators that explain why media violence makes us more aggressive?

A
  1. modeling- we see someone act violent/GET REWARDED FOR IT and do the same
  2. desensitization- we become numb to how violence impacts others (this works regardless of watching someone get rewarded or not)
37
Q

Which gender is more likely to show direct/indirect aggression?

A

Males/females

38
Q

What are the two input/ independent variables in Anderson’s GAM model?

A

Aspects of the situation and Characteristics of the person

39
Q

What are the 3 mediators in Anderson’s GAM model?

A
  1. Arousal
  2. Affective state
  3. Cognitive responses
40
Q

What 4 things must a punishment be in order to be affective?

A
  1. Prompt
  2. 100% probability
  3. Strong enough
  4. seen as justified
    (also applies to criminals)
41
Q

What is self-control depletion?

A

If you keep using all your self control, you will eventually snap (donut example)

42
Q

What part of forgiveness lowers aggression?

A

If you invoke EMPATHY and stop obsessing about it

43
Q

How do you use apologies to create cognitive intervention?

A

Reduce attribution by making person realize you didn’t intend to harm them

44
Q

Pre-attribution for cognitive intervention?

A

Tell someone your intent ahead of time so they don’t misattribute anything you do

45
Q

Definition of Prosocial Behavior?

A

provides benefits to others with no OBVIOUS benefits to the actor

46
Q

What are the 5 points of the 5 choice point model?

A
  1. Attend to situation
  2. Interpret situation as emergency
  3. Assume responsibility to act
  4. Know what to do/have the ability to act
  5. Make final decision based on cost-benefit analysis
47
Q

What does it mean to make an attribution for the victim’s problem?

A

Attributing it to the victim’s laziness vs the circumstances they were in

48
Q

Which step of the 5 choice point model involves diffusion of responsibility?

A
  1. Assume responsibility to act
49
Q

What are the two theories for negative moods increasing helping?

A
  1. Mood maintenance hypothesis (positive mood decreases helping)
  2. Mood repair hypothesis (negative mood increases helping)
50
Q

What is the mood maintenance hypothesis?

A

You don’t want to help someone because it could put you in a negative mood, you want to MAINTAIN your good mood
-people say you should bring your mood down

51
Q

What is the mood maintenance hypothesis at a crossroads of ?

A

Empathy (wanting to feel sorry for the person) and Hedonism (wanting to keep your good mood)

52
Q

What is the mood repair hypothesis?

A

AKA Negative State Relief model

says that you are more likely to help someone because it will make yourself feel better

53
Q

What are the cognitive and affective parts of Empathy?

A

C: you can imagine what it would be like to be in their shoes (opposite of narcissism)
A: You make the person feel better

54
Q

What traits is a person with Altruistic Personality high and low in?

A

High: Empathy and Social responsibility
Low: Egocentrism

55
Q

What is the Empathy-Altruism Hypothesis?

A

argues that all behavior is motivated solely by THE DESIRE TO HELP OTHERS (regardless of joy it brings you)

56
Q

What is the empathic joy hypothesis?

A

Argues that behavior is motivated by a mix of

  1. The desire to help others
  2. the empathic joy obtained from knowing that you helped someone/positive feedback
57
Q

What is the competitive altruism hypothesis?

A

Says that people only help others to gain STATUS (i.e. donating money but demanding that they name a building after you)

58
Q

Kin selection theory?

A

People with a helping gene helped others with a similar gene, so what’s left now is all people with a helping gene (evolutionary theory)

Social Psychology (5 decks)

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