Social Influences

Question 1

Lucas et al. (2006)?

Answer 1

Research support for ISI =

Harder the maths problems, the more conformity.

Question 2

Perrin and Spencer (1980)?

Answer 2

Individual differences for ISI =

Less conformity in students –> engineering study.

Question 3

Research support for NSI?

Answer 3

Asch (1951) =

Conformity fell to 12.5% when P. wrote answers down.

Question 4

McGhee and Teevan (1967)?

Answer 4

nAffiliators (individual differences) =

More likely to conform (need for social relationships).

Question 5

Engineering study?

Answer 5

Perrin and Spencer (1980).

Question 6

Conformity study?

Answer 6

Asch (1951).

Question 7

Asch’s variations date?

Answer 7

1955.

Question 8

Who said Asch’s findings only apply to certain groups?

Answer 8

Neto (1995) =

Women may be more likely to conform.

Question 9

Smith and Bond (1998)?

Answer 9

Asch’s findings only apply to certain groups =

Conformity may be higher in collectivist cultures (more concerned with group needs).

Question 10

Who said Asch’s findings only apply to certain situations?

Answer 10

Williams and Sogon (1984) =

Conformity was higher when majority were friends, not strangers.

Question 11

Stanford Prison Experiment?

Answer 11

Zimbardo (1973).

Question 12

Banuazizi and Mohavedi (1975)?

Answer 12

SPE - participants were ‘play acting’ =

‘Cool Hand Luke’.

Question 13

Fromm (1973)?

Answer 13

Zimbardo underestimated dispositional influences =

1/3 = brutal.

1/3 = applied rules fairly.

1/3 = supported prisoners.

Question 14

Date of Milgram’s study?

Answer 14

1963.

Question 15

Orne and Holland (1968)?

Answer 15

Milgram - lacks internal validity =

Participants guessed the shocks were fake.

Question 16

Hofling et al. (1966)?

Answer 16

Milgram - good external validity =

21/22 nurses obeyed unjustified demands.

Question 17

What replication supports Milgram’s study?

Answer 17

French =

80% gave 450v to an ‘unconscious’ man.

Question 18

Baumrind (1964)?

Answer 18

Criticised Milgram’s deception =

His deception damaged the reputation and validity of the study.

Question 19

Bickman (1974)?

Answer 19

Research support for Milgram’s situational variables =

Passers by twice more likely to obey ‘security guard’ than ‘jacket/tie’.

Question 20

Who criticised Milgram’s variations for the ‘extra experimental manipulation’?

Answer 20

Orne and Holland (1968).

Question 21

Miranda et al. (1981)?

Answer 21

Milgram’s research replicated in other cultures =

90% obedience in Spanish students.

Question 22

How do Smith and Bond criticise Milgram’s replications?

Answer 22

Most replications taken place in Western societies - culturall not different from USA.

Question 23

Mandel (1998)?

Answer 23

Milgram’s findings are offensive to Nazi survivors by saying they simply obeyed orders and were victims of situational factors beyond their control.

Question 24

Who supported the agentic state?

Answer 24

Bless and Schmidt (2001) =

Shown a clip of Milgram’s study to students, they blamed the ‘experimenter’.

Question 25

How did Hofling et al.'s study criticise the agentic state?

Answer 25

Nurses should have shown anxiety as they understood their destructive role.

Question 26

How did Mandel (1998) criticise the agentic state?

Answer 26

Cannot account for Nazi behaviour = German Reserve Police Battalion 101 - men shot civilians in small town in Poland without orders.

Question 27

Who studied cultural differences in legitimacy of authority?

Answer 27

1). Kilham and Mann (1974) = 16% of Australians went to 450v. 2). Mantell (1971) = 85% of Germans did.

Question 28

What did Kerman and Hamilton (1989) find in relation to legitimacy of authority?

Answer 28

My Lai Massacre - explained by social hierarchy = Orders given by the hierarchy are legal...

Question 29

Who developed the 'authoritarian personality'?

Answer 29

Adorno et al. (1950).

Question 30

Who did the 'F-scale' study?

Answer 30

Adorno et al. (1950) to support his authoritarian personality theory.

Question 31

Who supports Adorno's theory?

Answer 31

Elms and Milgram (1966) = Interviewed full obedient participants, who all scored highly on the F-scale.

Question 32

Christie and Jahoda (1954)?

Answer 32

F-scale is politically biased = Aims to measure tendency's towards extreme right-wing - insists on obedience.

Question 33

Greenstein (1969)?

Answer 33

F-scale method flaws = Questions are worded in a 'direction' that the participants would agree to everything.

Question 34

Who developed the 'locus of control'?

Answer 34

Rotter (1966).

Question 35

Allen and Levine (1971)?

Answer 35

Research support for the role of dissenting peers in resisting conformity = Independence increased with dissenter in an Asch-type study.

Question 36

Gramson et al. (1982)?

Answer 36

Research support for role of dissenter in resisting obedience = Found higher levels of rebellion than Milgram (participants were in groups).

Question 37

What research supports the link between LOC and resistance to obedience?

Answer 37

Holland (1967) = Replicated Milgram's study - only 37% of internals went to 450v (explains obedience).

Question 38

What research contradicts the link between LOC and resistance?

Answer 38

Twenge et al. (2004) = Analysed American LOC studies over 40 years, found people have become more independent, but more external.

Question 39

What did Rotter (1982) say in relation to her study?

Answer 39

LOC is only important in new situations, previous experience in familiar situations is always more influential in resisting social influence.

Question 40

What did Nemeth (1986) say about minority influence?

Answer 40

Being consistent and repeating the same behaviours is seen as off-putting to the majority.

Question 41

Who did the 'blue-green slides' study?

Answer 41

Moscovici et al. (1969) = Confederates were consistent/inconsistent about the colour of the slides - consistency influenced the majority.

Question 42

What research demonstrates the importance of consistency in minority influence?

Answer 42

1) . Moscovici et al. (1969) = consistency had a greater effect. 2) . Wood et al. (1994) = consistency in 100 studies were most influential.

Question 43

Martin et al. (2003)?

Answer 43

Gave participants a message supporting a certain viewpoint: - given minority viewpoint first. - given majority viewpoint. - given conflicting viewpoint. Less willing to change opinions after hearing minority view first.

Question 44

What did Zimbardo say about obedience?

Answer 44

Once a small instruction is a=obey, its hard to resist a bigger one. People 'drift' into a new kind of behaviour.

Question 45

Research support for the role of NSI in social change?

Answer 45

Nolan et al. (2008) = Hung messages on doors about people using less energy = - found decrease in energy compared to those with messages without reference to people.

Question 46

What did Nemeth (1986) say in relation to minority influence and social change?

Answer 46

Effects of minority influence is indirect and delayed = - Indirect = majority influenced by matters related to central issue. - Delayed = effects not seen for some time.

Question 47

Mackie (1987)?

Answer 47

Majority influence creates deeper processing = Only if you do not share their views --> when the majority thinks differently, we are forced to think about their arguments.

Question 48

Bashir et al. (2013)?

Answer 48

Minority's should avoid behaving in negative ways; reinforcing stereotypes (people are less likely to be environmentally friendly due to being labelled as 'environmentalists - tree huggers').