Social Processes, Attitudes, and Behavior Flashcards
1
Q
actions and behaviors that individuals are performing or modulating because others are around
A
social action
2
Q
describes the tendency of people to perform at a different level based on the fact that others are around
A
social facilitation
3
Q
states that being in the presence of others will significantly raise arousal, which enhances the ability to perform tasks one is already good at (simple tasks), and hinders the performance of less familiar tasks (complex tasks)
A
Yerkes-Dodson law of social facilitation
4
Q
a loss of self-awareness in large groups, which can lead to drastic changes in behavior
A
deindividuation
5
Q
describes the observation that when in a group, individuals are less likely to respond to a person in need
A
bystander effect
6
Q
tendency of individuals to reduce effort when in a group setting
A
social loafing
7
Q
refers to the social influence placed on individuals by others they consider equals
A
peer pressure
8
Q
the simultaneous presence of two opposing thoughts or opinions
A
cognitive dissonance
9
Q
explores the ways in which two or more individuals can both shape each other’s behavior
A
social interaction
10
Q
the tendency toward making decisions in a group that are more extreme than the thoughts of the individual group members
A
group polarization
11
Q
the tendency for groups to make decisions based on ideas and solutions that arise within the group without considering outside ideas; ethics may be disturbed as pressure is created to conform and remain loyal to the group
A
groupthink
12
Q
describes the beliefs, ideas, behaviors, actions, and characteristics of a group or society of people
A
culture
13
Q
the process by which a group or individual’s culture begins to melt into another culture
A
assimilation
14
Q
refers to the encouragement of multiple cultures within a community to enhance diversity
A
multiculturalism (cultural diversity)
15
Q
refer to a group of people within a culture that distinguish themselves from the primary culture to which they belong
A
subcultures
16
Q
the process of developing and spreading norms, customs, and beliefs
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socialization
17
Q
societal rules that define the boundaries of acceptable behavior
A
norms
18
Q
widely observed social norms
A
mores
19
Q
penalties for misconduct or rewards for appropriate behavior; can be used to maintain social control
A
sanctions
20
Q
socially unacceptable, disgusting, or reprehensible
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taboo
21
Q
any part of society that is important when learning social norms and values; include family, peers, school, religious affiliation, and other groups that promote socialization
A
agent of socialization
22
Q
common trends and beliefs prevalent at a given point in time
A
popular culture
23
Q
the extreme disapproval or dislike of a person or group based on perceived differences from the rest of society
A
stigma
24
Q
refers to any violation of norms, rules, or expectations within a society
A
deviance
25
changing beliefs or behaviors in order to fit into a group or society
conformity
26
involves changing one's behavior to fit with a group while also privately agreeing with the ideas of the group
internalization
27
refers to the outward acceptance of others' ideas without personally taking on these ideas
identification
28
occurs when individuals change their behaviors based on the requests of others; methods of gaining ____ include the foot-in-the-door technique, door-in-the-face technique, lowball technique, and that's-not-all technique, among others
compliance
29
method of gaining compliance:
| begins with small request, and after compliance is gained, a larger request is made
foot-in-the-door technique
30
method of gaining compliance:
| a large request is made at first and, if refused, a second, smaller request is made
door-in-the-face technique
31
method of gaining compliance:
| requestor will get an initial commitment from an individual, and then raise the cost of the commitment
lowball technique
32
method of gaining compliance:
an individual is made an offer, but before making a decision, is told the deal is even better than expected (like informercials)
that's-not-all technique
33
a change in behavior based on a command from someone seen as an authority figure
obedience
34
tendencies toward expression of positive or negative feelings or evaluations of something; three components (ABC): affective, behavioral, cognitive
attitudes
35
component of attitude:
| the way a person feels toward something; emotional component
affective
36
component of attitude:
| the way a person acts with respect to something
behavioral
37
component of attitude:
| the way an individual thinks about something, usually the justification for the other two components
cognitive
38
theories of attitude formation and attitude change:
states that there are four functional areas of attitude that serve individuals in life: knowledge, ego expression, adaptability, and ego defense
functional attitudes theory
39
theories of attitude formation and attitude change:
states that attitudes are developed through forms of learning: direct contact, direct interaction, direct instruction, and conditioning
learning theory
40
theories of attitude formation and attitude change:
| separates individuals on a continuum based on how they process persuasive information
elaboration likelihood model
41
elaboration likelihood model:
| high elaboration; scrutinizing and analyzing the content of persuasive information
central route processing
42
elaboration likelihood model:
low elaboration; focusing on superficial details of persuasive information, such as appearances, catchphrases and slogans, and credibility
peripheral route processing
43
theories of attitude formation and attitude change:
| states that attitudes are formed through observation of behavior, personal factors, and environment
social cognitive theory
44
Michaelangelo Phenomenon
A close relationship between 2 individuals "sculpts" both's skills and traits
45
Weber's social action
actions and behaviors that individuals are performing or modulating because others are around
considers just the *individual *who is surrounded by others
46
Social Facilitation
people tend to perform better on simple tasks when in the presence of others-- a performance response when they know they are being watched
47
Yerkes-Dodson Law of Social Facilitation
being in the presence of others will significantly raise arousal
simple tasks: enhances performance
complex tasks: hinders performance
48
Deindividuation
| Mob mentality
loss of one's self awareness in a group setting and the adoption of a more group-oriented identity
increase anonymity, this diffusing a sense of individual responsibility for actions.
As anonyminity increase, so does the strength of deindividuation
49
Antinormative behavior
symptom of deindividuation
a behavior that is not socially acceptable in most social circumstances
50
Bystander effect
individuals do not intervene those in need when others are present
the more people near, the less likely someone will help
51
Social Loafing
the tendency of individuals to reduce effort when in a group setting
52
Peer pressure
social influence placed on an individual by their peers
can lead to risky behaviors
53
Identity shift effect
when an individual's state of harmony is disrupted by the threat of social rejection, so the person will conform to the norms of the group
leads to cognitive dissonance
54
Cognitive dissonance
the presence of two opposing thoughts or opinions
internal state of discomfort
55
Solomon Asch's conformity experiment
individuals will often conform to an opinion held by the group
56
social interaction
| group processes
the way in which 2+ individuals can both shape each other's behavior
includes group processes and establishment of culture
57
Group polarization
tendency for a group to make decisions that are more extreme than the initial inclination of its individual members
58
Risky / Choice Shift
initial ideas were not extreme, but became more and more extreme through discussion with the group
59
Groupthink
a desire for harmony or conformity results in a group of people coming to an incorrect or poor decision
a desire to agree causes a loss of independent critical thinking, external ideas are not considered, and the groups ideas are seen as correct without question
60
Janis' factors that lead to Groupthink
1. illusion of invulnerability
2. collective rationalization
3. illusion of morality
4. excessive stereotyping
5. pressure for conformity
6. self-censorship
7. illusion of unanimity
8. mindguards
61
Assimilation
process by which an individual or group's behavior and culture begin to resemble that of another group
integrates new aspects of a society and culture with old ones, transforming the culture
usuallt uneven, one will have more power/influence
62
Ethnic Enclaves
locations with a high concentration of one specific ethnicity
(china town, little italy)
63
Multiculturalism / cultural diversity
encouraging of cultural differences, "cultural mosaic", "melting pot"
64
Subcultures
groups of peopl within a culture that distinguish themselves from the primary culture
65
Counterculture
the subculture group gravitates towards an identity that is at odds with the majority culture and opposes the social mores
66
Socialization
process of developing, inheriting, and spreading norms, customs, and beliefs
adopt what is needed for inclusion in society
67
Cultural transmission / learning
values are passed down through generations
68
Cultural diffusion
spread of values from one culture to another
69
Primary socialization
during childhood, when we learn acceptable actions and attitudes in our society, through observation of caregivers and close adults
foundation to form personal opinions
70
Secondary socialization
learning appropriate behavior within smaller sections of the larger society
outside the home, like in school and church
71
Anticipatory socialization
a person prepares for future changes in something
(shadow a doctor in prep for becoming a physician)
72
Resocialization
one discards old behaviors in favor of new ones through retrainig
indoctrination, soldiers trained to obey
73
Norms
societal rules that define the boundaries of acceptable behavior
can be a means of social control
74
Mores
widely observed social norms
75
Sanctions
penalites or rewards for behavior
can be used to maintain social control
76
Folkways
norms that refer to behavior that is considered polite in social interactions
77
Agents of socialization
what creates shifts and choices in behavior
1. family
2. peers
3. religion
4. government
5. media
6. work
7. ethnic backgroun
8. clubs / social groups
9. school
78
Deviance
any violation of norms, rules, or expectations within a society
79
Social stigma
disapproval or dislike of something based on its perception in society
80
Labeling Theory
labels given to a person affects not only how others see them, but also their self-image
deviance, stigmatization, and reputation linked to this
can lead to channeling of behavior into deviance or conformity
81
Role Engulfment
| labeling
Internalizing and assuming the role of a label can take over a person's identity
82
Differentiation association theory
deviance, particularly criminal behavior can be learned to interactions with others engaging in criminal
"fallen into the wrong group"
83
Strain theory
explain deviance as a natural reaction to the disconnect between social goals and social structure
(American dream: get wealth, but social structure makes this hard, so deviant behavior of theft can help get wealth outside of the limited social structure)
84
Conformity / majority influence
matching one's attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors to group or societal norms
85
Internalization
| conformity
changing one's behavior to fit with a group, while also privately agreeing with the group. Change in internal thought to agree
86
Identification
| conformity
the outward acceptance of others' ideas, without personally taking on these ideas
87
Compliance
change in behavior based on direct request
the person asking for the change typically has no authority
88
Door-in-face technique
| compliance
a large request is made first, and if refused, a smaller request is made (the smaller is often the actual goal
89
Foot-in-Door
| compliance
comply once with a small request opened up the door for more requests
(give notes once, they will keep asking for notes)
90
Lowball
| compliance
requestor will get an initial commitment from an individual and then raise the cost of the commitment
91
that's-not-all
| compliance
an individual made an offer, but before making a decision, is told that it is a great deal
92
Obedience
changing one's behavior in response to a direct order by someone with authority
93
Components of Attitude
1. Affective: emotional feeling towards something
2. Behavioral: how a person acts with respect to something
3. Cognitive: way an individual thinks about something
| ABC
94
Functional Attitudes Theory
1. knowledge: attitudes provide organization to thought and behavior. Knowing attitudes helps predict behavior
2. ego-expressive: attitudes allow us to communicate and solidify our self-identity
3. adaptive: socially acceptable attitudes will lead to acceptance
4. ego-defensive: attitudes that protect our self esteem or justify actions that we know are wrong
95
Learning theory
attitudes are developed through different forms of learning
* direct contact with object
* direct instruction from others
* other's attitudes
* conditioning
* obervational learning
96
Elaboration likelihood model
separates individuals on a continuum based on how they process persuasive information
97
Central route processing
deep thinking
98
central route to persuasion
attempt to influence using information that appeals to central route processing
99
Peripheral route processing
does not elaborate but focuses on superficial characteristics like appearance, credibility, etc
100
Peripheral route to processing
attempts to influence using superficial things like apperance and charisma
101
Social cognitive theory
people learn how to behave by observing the behaviors of others
102
Bandura's triadic
| social cognitive theory
each affect eachother
1. behavioral factors
2. environmental factors
3. personal factors
