Social Psych Flashcards
(185 cards)
1
Q
evolution definition
A
changes over time driven by successful reproduction via natural selection
however random variations
2
Q
selection pressure definition
A
environment favours certain features over others
3
Q
intrasexual competition
A
members of same sex compete with each other for mates
4
Q
intersexual selection
A
members of one sex prefer certain qualities in mates
5
Q
qualities we look for in a mate
A
- physical health
- stability
- high level testosterone (even tho no evolutionary benefit)
- symmetry
6
Q
qualities we don’t like in mates
A
- baldness
- bad eyesight
- sparse facial hair (low level testosterone)
7
Q
gene selection theory definition
A
genes increase replication in 2 ways
- influence body w genes to survive
- influence individs to help others w same genes to survive
8
Q
psychological adaptations evolutionary theory
A
mechanisms of mind that evolved to solve specific problems of survival + reproduction
9
Q
examples of psychological adaptations
A
- craving fatty + sweet food
- in-groups
10
Q
sexual strategies theory
A
mating strategies based on culture, social context, parental influence, personal mate value
11
Q
sexual strategies in women
A
- possession of resources
- commitment
- access to resources
12
Q
sexual strategies in men
A
- youth
- health
- attractiveness
13
Q
error management theory definition
A
uncertain situation judgements affected by cognitive biases that minimise costly errors
14
Q
error management theory
type 1 error
A
false alarm (less costly of error)
15
Q
error management theory
type 2 error
A
undetected threat (more costly)
16
Q
type 1 error in males
A
perceiving female attention as sexual interest
women don’t have this bc evolutionarily mates need to be chosen with more consideration
17
Q
type 1 error we might experience
A
seeing faces in nature -> survival (detecting threats)
18
Q
behaviourism on nature/nurture + determinism/indeterminism
A
nurtured + determine
19
Q
evolutionary psych on nature/nurture + determinism/indeterminsim
A
nature + determine
20
Q
humanistic psych on nature/nurture + determinism/indeterminsim
A
nurture + indeterminism
21
Q
is classic psychoanalysis or cognitivism more deterministic
A
classic psychoanalysis
22
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determinism definition
A
no free will
23
Q
school of psychology that rejects scientific method most
A
humanistic psychology
24
Q
schools of psychology that appreciates scientific method most
A
- behaviourism
- cognitivism
- evolutionary psyschology
25
3 main people of behaviourism
1. Charles Darwin
2. Ivan Pavlov
3. BF Skinner
26
unconditioned stimulus
stimulus that elicits response without prior training
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unconditioned response
response without prior training
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conditioned stimulus
stimulus that doesn't elicit response initially until paired with unconditioned stimulus
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conditioned response
response elicited by conditioned stimulus
30
blocking definition
previous association prevents new association from being formed
31
classical conditioning 4 important notes
1. generates multiple responses
2. establishes preferences and aversions
3. underlies various psych conditions (phobias)
4. pairing conditioned + unconditioned stimulus is not enough for conditioning
32
3 important things to know about operant conditioning
1. requires free will
2 instrumental respones occur under stimulus control
3. reinforcers aren't equal
33
founder of observational learning
Albert Bandura
34
4 stages of observational learning
1. attention
2. retention
3. initiation
4. motivation
35
culture definition
pattern of shared meaning + behavior
36
cultural intelligence
ability + awareness to apply cultural awareness to practical uses
37
aspects of culture
1. versatile
2. shared
3. cumulative
4. patterns
38
3 common ways to think about culture
1. progressive cultivation -> ballet or higher education to be refined
2. ways of life -> religion
3. shared learning -> parenting, teaching (sharing information + awareness of multi-cult)
39
ethnographic + cross-culture research benefits + disadvantages
etho: + culturally sensitive + people in natural environment
-can't make comparisons between groups
cross-culture: + can make comparisons
- ethnocentric bias
40
how individualists might act
- from the west
- focus on individ traits
- personal goals guide decisions
41
how collectivists might act
- Asian countries
- interdependent relationship focus
- situations guide decisions
42
cultural relativism definition
there are no universal standards of right and wrong, cultures can't be compared
it's not wrong for stoning of women because that's their culture
43
learned aspects of culture
1. identity
2. emotions
3. etiquette
4. values/morals
44
family definition
subculture, bio relatives or close group of people that support each other
45
traditional family definition
nuclear family (2 parents)
46
modern family
single, blended etc
47
family systems theory
people encouraged by family members to behave in certain ways to increase survival
48
attachment style definition
relationship built up with primary caregiver depending on how they respond to needs
49
secure attachment
most prevalent, people most likely to explore bc of safety net
50
anxious avoidant attachment
distance yourself from primary caregiver bc caregiver doesn't respond to needs
- mask affection
51
anxious ambivalent attachment
mix of diff attachment styles
- want to approach.+ avoid parent
- due to chaotic upbringing -> can't predict parent reactions
52
coherence definition
secure attachment style can be developed later if people treat us well
53
marriage market definition
single people advertising themselves as potential partners
- matchmakers
- dating apps
54
authoritative parent style
high support, high demand
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authoritarian parent style
low support, high demand
56
permissive parent style
high support, low demand
57
uninvolved parent style
low support, low demand
58
anxious-resistant attachment
insecure, think people don't love them
very dependent
59
empty nest definition
adult children leave household
60
sandwich generation
caring for parents + caring for own children
61
boomerang generation
adults move back in with their family
62
protective factors that stop divorce
1. high education
2. marrying at older age
3. parents remain married
4. religion less accepting of divorce
63
risk factors for divorce
1. kids before marriage
2. serial cohabitation
3. live in society accepting of divorce
64
happy families should
1. teach morality
2. savour the good
3. use extended family network
4. create family identity (how I met your mother)
5. forgive
65
conformity definition
tendency to act + think like those around us
66
why do people conform
normative influence = want to fit in
informational influence = others might know some important info (wear jacket if everyone is wearing jacket)
67
obedience definition
individuals compliance when given an order from authority
68
when are people less willing to give electric shocks
1. when similarities between teachers and learners
2. when in same room as learner
3. when having to touch learner
4. when seeing other teachers refuse
5. when theyrelate to learner (similarities)
69
cooperative social value orientation
cooperate so neither loses and both gain decent amount
70
individualistic social value orientation
interested in self gaining as much as possible
71
competitive social value orientation
maximising difference between you and others
72
situational influences on cooperation
1. communication + commitment
2. trust
3. group identification (in-group members)
73
theory of mind
understanding people's minds
74
TOM recognising agents
agents have motivations for actions
75
included in TOM are
1. identifying agents + goals
2. imitation
3. mimicry
4. joint attention
5. visual perspective taking
6. mental state inference
76
egocentrism definition
inability to understand someone else's perspective (TOM)
overestimation of TOM ability
77
false-belief/Sally Anne test
if Sally puts ball in her basket, goes out of the room and Anne puts ball in a box where is Sally going to look for her ball?
3-4 year olds don't understand yet the diff between someone else's perspective vs their own knowledge
78
3 factors making up emotions
1. subjective experience
2. physiological rxn
3. targeted
79
intrapersonal function of emotion
- act quick without having to think
- prepares body for action
- influences thought
- motivates future behaviour
80
James Lange theory of emotions
peripheral
arousal then emotions
81
Cannon Bard theory of emotions
central
- arousal + emotions at same time
82
Schachter theory of emotions
two factor theory
arousal -> interpretation -> emotion
83
interpersonal functions of emotions
1. facilitates specific behaviour in perceivers -> help when you cry
2. signals nature of interpersonal relationship
3. provides incentives for desired social behaviour
4. social referencing
84
universalists emotions
we have same ancestors, emotions the same
85
constructivist emotions
humans adapted to diff environment, emotions evolved too
cultural ideas + practices are all encompassing
86
Americans vs Asians in emotions
Americans independent want high arousal positive, seek arousing leisure activities + feel good after positive event
Asians prefer low arousal, calm and feel mixed feelings after positive event (guilt)
87
emotional suppression in Asians + Americans
emotional suppression leads to depression in America but not in Asia bc suppression is desired social skill
88
similarities of Asians + Americans
1. similar physiological response to emotions
2. positive emotions after positive events
3. self-esteem + relationship harmony emphasises (relationship less important in US tho)
89
learning appropraiate cultural expressions of emotions
1. kids books
2. value differences (of emotions)
3. models of self
90
priming definition
making one outcome more probable, readiness to see stimuli you're more often focused on
missing friend -> seeing her face more often in crowd
91
biased interpretation definition
we tend to see objective as going against our views bc more sensitive about strong moral issues
seeing unbiased news -> we think it supports the opposition
92
constructing memories
we reconstruct our past to make it more pleasant for ourselves
- good ol high school days
- ex-boyfriend worse than he actually was
93
judging events with emotions
when in positive mood we remember more of our positive actions
negative mood remember more negative things we did
94
overconfidence in judging events
confirmation bias of info that confirms our preconceived notions
95
2 factors making up heuristics
1. availability = how available in our mind
2. representativeness = whether someone fits in a box
96
illusion of control definition
you think you're in control of something you're not
gamblers would rather spin wheel than let someone else do
97
regression towards average
we expect peaks or lows to regress back to general trend
*if life is going too good we expect some bad news
98
attribution of causality
- dispositional -> negative evaluation of person
- situational -> positive evaluation of person
99
Theory of correspondent inferences
- creator
- what is it
Harold Kelley
- distinctiveness -> if action normally not seen in person situational attribution
- consensus -> if other people behave similarly -> situational attribution
100
fundamental attribution error
- creators
- what is it
Ross, Amabile, Steinmetz
attribute actions to dispositions rather than situations
101
influence of expectations theory
self-fulfilling prophecy
teacher smiles more at student, more attention, student more enthusiastic, answers more, confirms held beliefs
102
self-fulfilling prophecy in romantic idealisation
we tend to over-evaluate our lovers
with this evaluation they start to become our idealised versions of themselves
103
morality definition
principles distinguishing right and wrong or good and bad behaviour
104
descriptive morality definition
code of conduct put forward by society OR accepted by individual for own conduct
105
prescriptive/normative morality definition
code of conduct, given right circumstances, would be put forward by all people
- subjective
106
morality in psychology definition
psychological adaptations that allow selfish beings to reap benefits of cooperation
107
moral systems definition
set of interlocking values, norms, mechanisms etc that regulate self-interest and make cooperative societies possible
108
in psychology morality is
1. subjective
2. invented by humans
3. differs across cultures/times
109
common motives of morality
1. goals
2. individual obstacles
3. morality as helping tool
110
morality analysis steps
1. goal
2. flaw/obstacle
3. solution from morality toolbox
111
3 neurological decision making systems
1. model based
2. model free
3. pavlovian
112
consequentialist morality defintion
rating morality based on outcomes
(kill one to save 10)
113
demonology morality definition
rating morality based on actions committed regardless of outcome
(don't kill 1 to save 10)
114
model-based system definition
analysing diff branches of future outcomes to decide
115
model free system definition
search memory for past evaluations of now considered action
116
Pavlovian system
automatic, reflexive reaction to appetitive/aversive stimuli
117
personality traits making us more moral
1. politness aspect of agreeableness -> fairness
2- compassion -> helping others
3. openness/intellect -> cooperation
4. honesty/humility -> fairness, cooperation, trustworthiness
5. agreeableness ->reactive cooperation despite transgressions of others
118
enlightened compassion definition
positive regard of entities beyond self
- morally imaginative
- big in-group
- morally expansive
119
neglected issues in morality
1- relationship between reasoning + behaviour
2. empirical research programmes
120
understudied issues in morality
1. general moral principles into specific guidelines
2. emotions accompanying moral dilemmas (before + after)
3. connection of moral thoughts, emotions, behaviour
121
6 advantages of hotness
1. first impressions
2. mating prospects
3. parent + peer favouritism
4. education + employment
5. electoral success
6. judicial outcomes
122
what makes a person attractive
1. youthfulness
2. unblemished skin
3. facial symmetry
4. averageness -> prototype face
5. positive expressions
6. positive behaviours
7. femininity/masculinity
123
culture differences in attractiveness
- what body you find attractive is culture dependent (hair + body shape)
however faces are universally attractive
124
why do we find prototype faces more attractive?
- mere-exposure effect
- we like things we already know
125
evolutionary aspect of attractiveness
signals good mate quality (young, unblemished , symmetrical)
good genes hypothesis
126
good genes hypothesis definition
qualities liked because associated with higher levels of good hormones
strong jaw in males -> high levels of testosterone -> immunity lower -> must be strong to survive
127
overgeneralised reactions to disease or bad genes
- avoiding blemishes bc could be disease bc selection mechanism isn't perfect
128
factors for start of love
1. proximity
2. familiarity (mere-exposure effect)
3. similarity
4. reciprocity
129
types of love
1. intimate
2. passionate
3. commitment
130
relationship and social support
we like relationship bc of perceived social support
quality over quantity
131
3 types of happiness
1. life satisfaction
2. positive feelings
3. low negative feelings
132
life satisfaction causes
1. good income
2. achieving goals
3. high self-esteem
133
positive feelings causes
1. good social support
2. interesting work
3. extroversion
134
low negative feelings causes
1. low neuroticism
2. positive outlook
3. goals are in harmony
135
internal causes of subjective wellbeing
1. inborn temperament
2. personality
3. resilience
4. outlook
136
external causes of subjective wellbeing
1. sufficient material resources
2. sufficient social resources
3. desirable society
137
are relationships cause of happiness
- removes ostracism + shunning
- quality v important
BUT not sure if causation or correlation
138
adaptations of circumstances
when good or bad events occur initial reaction is strong but then returns to former level of happiness
139
happy people are more
1. healthy
2. sociable
3. productie
4. better citizens
140
ways to be happier
1. express gratitude
2. seek to make others happy
3. find work you love
141
what influences accuracy of clinical judgements
1. illusory correlations
2. hindsight / overconfidence
3. self confirming diagnosis
4. not using statistical predictions
142
explanatory style therapy definition
reversing negative beliefs about oneself or future
143
social skills training
practicing new behaviours in safe situations to develop confidence in behaving more effectively in other situations
144
social relationships support wellbeing
1. marriage increases happiness
2. close relationships lead to confiding in health issues
3. remove poverty
145
what social relationships and depression rates (highest depression to lowest)
1. divorced twice
2. cohabiting
3. divorced one
4. never married
5. married
146
misinformation effect
if eye-witnesses get given wrong info their testimony changes bc of suggestion
147
retelling effect on witnesses
the more stories are told the less accurate they get
1st testimony most accurate
148
feedback to witnesses effect
when interrogators suggest preferred info to witnesses the testimony changes
interrogators should be unbiased w/o previous theories in mind
149
to reduce eyewitness error we should
1. train police interviewers
2. minimise false lineup identifications (one at a time + suggest perpetrator might not be there)
3. educate jurors on errors
150
influences on jurors decision making
1. defendants characteristics -> how attractive + similarities to juror
2. jurors instructions
151
facial features on sentences
- babyfaces charged higher for negligent crimes
- masculine faces charged higher for violent crimes
152
race on sentences
black + white people equally sentenced but the more black people face higher sentences
153
death qualified jurors
jurors in favour of death sentence
154
are bigger groups of jurors better?
yes because more diversity + better recollection of evidence
155
minority influence definition
small group within bigger group influences beliefs
156
relationship of financially well off + philosophies
people who consider financial prosperity as important consider life philosophies as less important
characteristics of 21st century people
157
alpha persuasion
only listing pros
158
omega persuasion
listing pros and cons
159
James Speth new consciousness calls for
1. seeing humanity as part of nature
2. nature as intrinsic value
3. value future as well as present
4. define quality of life in relational / spiritual instead of material
160
why does materialism not make people happy?
1. adaptation level phenomenon (we get used to luxury)
2. impact bias = we overestimate how happy or sad things will make us
161
prejudice definition
affect,
preconceived opinion/feeling positive or negative
162
stereotype definition
belief
attributing characteristics to someone based on group membership
163
discrimination definition
acting on a belief/affect
treating someone favourably/hostilely based on group status rather than individual merit
164
racism definition
belief that the inherent differences between racial groups determine individual achievements
usually favours own race
hatred or intolerance of another racial group
165
what does prejudice play a role in?
- discrimination -> unjustified negative of group
- racism -> negative towards racial group
- sexism -> negative towards given sex
166
anomalous face overgeneralization hypothesis
avoiding blemishes → overgeneralised reactions to disease or bad genes
167
what age is happiest and most sad
20s happy
50s most unhappy
168
spontaneous trait transference
people associate traits that we describe in others with us
"she's a gossip" -> you're a gossip
169
belief perseverance
beliefs survive even if scientific evidence proves they're false
170
to reduce belief perserverance
explain how the other side could possibly be right
171
normative influence scientists (with the line lengths)
Solomon Ash
172
descriptive norm
we act the way most people around us do
173
ratnional self interest theory
people will 100% of the time defect from cooperation
174
interindividual-intergroup discontinuity
groups or more competitive and less cooperative when facing another group than individuals facing other individuals
175
for an act to be intentional it has to
1. know the goal
2. beliefs of how to achieve goal
unintentional would be making a fool of yourself trying to impress date (not a solid belief of how to achieve goal)
176
mimicry
subtle, automatic imitation
which can lead to synchronisation (using same gestures as other person)
177
automatic empathy
when mimicking sad face we feel sad unintentionally
178
visual perspective taking
"on your left"
179
mental state inference
being able to let go of egocentrism to see what another thinks about situation
false belief tests show if we're developed enough to understand
180
tiers of morality
1 tier: reciprocity (animals capable of this)
2 tier: greater good, social signalling even if actions have lost survival benefit
- abiding to dress codes etc -> ONLY humans do this
181
self confirming diagnoses
patients give information that confirms your prediction (because you ask questions to get that info from them without being neutral)
182
depressive realism
depressed people have better judgements
- better at telling others feelings
183
negative explanatory style
blaming yourself for any wrongs
- depressed people do this
184
what causes anxiety
wanting to impress people but having self-doubts
185
