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Kaplan GRE Psych > Social Psych > Flashcards

Social Psych Flashcards

1
Q

Aronson and Linder

A

Gain loss principle: changes will have more effect than evaluation that remains constant

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2
Q

Asch

A

Conformity. Lengths of lines

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3
Q

Bandura

A

Social learning theory. Learning through social contexts

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4
Q

Bem

A

Self perception theory as alternative to cognitive dissonance theory

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5
Q

K and M Clark

A

Doll preferences in black children. Results used in 1954 brown v Topeka board of education Supreme Court case

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6
Q

Farley and Latane

A

Two factors that lead to non helping: social influence and diffusion of responsibility

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7
Q

Eagly

A

Gender differences in conformity were not due to gender but to differing social roles

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8
Q

Festinger

A

Cognitive dissonance theory and social comparison theory

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9
Q

Hall

A

Norms for interpersonal distance in interactions

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10
Q

Heider

A

Balance theory to describing why attitudes change. Also developed attribution theory and divided attributions into dispositional and situational

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11
Q

Hovland

A

Attitude change

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12
Q

Janis

A

Groupthink. How group decision making can sometimes go awry

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13
Q

Lerner

A

Belief in a just world

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14
Q

Lewin

A

Leadership styles. Autocratic. Democratic. Laissez-fare

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15
Q

McGuire

A

Psychological innoculation to help people resist persuasion

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16
Q

Milgram

A

Obedience, shock experiment. Also proposed stimulus overload theory to the plain differences between city and country dwellers

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17
Q

Newcomb

A

Political norms

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18
Q

Petty and Cacioppo

A

Elaboration likelihood model of persuasion (central and peripheral)

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19
Q

Schachter

A

Relationship between anxiety and need for affiliation

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20
Q

Sherif

A

Auto kinetic effect used to study conformity. Also performed robbers cave experiment and found that having superordinate goals increased inter group communication

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21
Q

Zajonc

A

Mere exposure effect. Also resolved problems with social facilitation effect by suggesting that the presence of others enhances emission of dominant responses and impairs emission of non dominant responses

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22
Q

Zimbardo

A

Prison simulation. Deindividuation to explain results

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23
Q

Who published first study of social psychology?

A

Norman Triplett in 1898. Investigates effect of competition on performance. People do better on familiar tasks in presence of others.

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24
Q

William McDougall and EH Ross

A

Published first textbooks on psychology in 1908

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25
Q

Verplank, 1950s

A

Conversation changes based on feedback from others.

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26
Q

Reinforcement theory big names

A

Verplank, Pavlov, Thorndike, Hull, Skinner

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27
Q

Reinforcement theory

A

Behavior motivated by anticipated rewards

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28
Q

Who challenged reinforcement theorists?

A

Social learning theorists

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29
Q

Main figure in social learning theory

A

Albert Bandura

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30
Q

Social learning theory

A

Behavior is learned through imitation

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31
Q

Role theory (Bindle, 1979)

A

People are aware of social roles they’re expected to fill and much of their observable behavior can be attributed to adopting these roles

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32
Q

Cognitive theory

A

Perception, judgment, memories, and decision making

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33
Q

Consistency theories

A

People prefer consistency and will change or resist changing attitudes based upon this preference

Example: smoker who hates smoking will try to resolve it by changing attitudes.

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34
Q

Fritz Heider

A

Balance theory

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35
Q

Balance theory

A

Three elements related: person, other, and thing or other person. When there isn’t balance there will be stress and a tendency to remove the stress by achieving balance. In general balance if there are 1 or 3 positives and imbalance of 0 or 2 positives

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36
Q

Leon Festinger’s cognitive dissonance theory

A

Conflict when attitudes don’t match behaviors. People may change attitude to match behavior

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37
Q

2 types of dissonant situations

A

Free choice and forced compliance

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38
Q

Free choice dissonance

A

Person makes choice between several desirable alternatives. Will be dissonance after choice is made because all options were desirable. This is called post decisions dissonance. Fixed by spreading of alternatives

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39
Q

Spreading of alternatives

A

Relative worth of the alternatives is spread apart

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40
Q

Forced compliance dissonance

A

Person forced into behaving in a manner inconsistent with his or her beliefs and attitudes.

41
Q

Classic cognitive dissonance experiment 1959

A

Perform boring tasks and tell next subject it was enjoyable and interesting. Some for $1 and some for $20. $1 group rates the experiment as more enjoyable. Why? Because $1 subjects were not as easily able to justify their lies. So to reduce dissonance they convinced themselves the task had been sort of fun.

42
Q

Minimal justification effect

A

When external justification is minimal and you reduce dissonance by changing internal cognition.

43
Q

2 main principles of cognitive dissonance

A

1) if person pressures to say or do something contrary to attitudes there will be an tendency to change those attitudes
2) greater the pressure to comply the less the persons attitude will change.

44
Q

Self perception theory

A

If your attitudes about something are weak/ambiguous, you observe your own behavior and attribute an attitude to yourself.

I guess he likes brown bread bc he is always eating it

45
Q

Difference between bem and festinger

A

Bem doesn’t hypothesize state of discomfort or dissonance. So in self perception theory initial attitude is irrelevant

46
Q

Overjustification effect

A

If you reward people for something they already like doing they may stop liking it

47
Q

Hovland’s 3 components of communication for persuasion.

A

Communicator, communication, situation

48
Q

According to Hovland, when is the persuasive impact greater?

A

When communicator is more credible.

Oppenheimer example

49
Q

Over time, persuasive impact of high credibility source…

A

Decreased while the persuasive impact of the low credibility source increased. This is known as the sleeper effect

50
Q

How else can sources increase credibility?

A

Arguing against their own self interest

51
Q

Two sided messages

A

Show a balanced communication and good for persuasion

52
Q

Elaboration likelihood model of persuasion (petty and cacioppo)

A

Two routes of persuasion. Central and peripheral

53
Q

Peripheral route of persuasion

A

Issue not very important to us or we can’t clearly hear the message

54
Q

In peripheral route of persuasion what matters?

A

Not strength of argument, but his and by whom or in what surroundings the argument is being presented is

55
Q

Analogy of inoculation (McGuire)

A

Criticized cultural truisms. First exposed them to a weakened attack and then refuted it. Refuted counter arguments

56
Q

Belief perseverance

A

People will hold beliefs even after they are shown to be false

57
Q

Reluctance

A

Too much pressure. Person will try to reassert a sense of freedom by choosing the position opposite of yours

58
Q

Social comparison theory (Festinger)

A

We have a tendency to evaluate ourselves in relation to others. People prefer to evaluate by no social means but when this isn’t possible they will evaluate themselves by comparing them self to others.

59
Q

The less the similarly of opinions and abilities between two people…

A

The less the tendency to make comparisons

60
Q

When a discrepancy exists there is a tendency to change

A

Ones position to be in line with the group

61
Q

Stanley Schachter: greater anxiety leads to

A

Greater desire to affiliate. Anxious people prefer the company of other anxious people

62
Q

Reciprocity hypothesis

A

Like people who indicate they like us

63
Q

Gain loss principle (Aronson and Linder)

A

Evaluation that changes has more impact than evaluation that remains constant

Like someone more if they didn’t like us and now the do etc

64
Q

Social exchange theory

A

More the rewards outweigh the costs, the greater the attraction to the other person. We want to maximize rewards and minimize costs

65
Q

Equity theory

A

Also consider costs and rewards of the other person. We prefer our ratio of costs to rewards to be equal to the other persons. If not the case there will be a perceived instability due to the perceived inequality

66
Q

Need complemenarity

A

People choose relationships so that can mutually satisfy each other’s needs

67
Q

Attractiveness stereotype

A

Tendency to attribute positive qualities and desirable characteristics to attractive people

68
Q

People closer to each other

A

Like each other more

69
Q

Mere exposure hypothesis

A

Repeated exposure leads to enhanced liking

70
Q

Helping behavior

A

Includes altruistic motivations but also includes behaviors that may be motivated by egoism or selfishness

71
Q

Batsons empathy altruism model

A

When faced with situations in which others need help people might feel distress and/or empathy. When people had more distress than empathy people left instead of helped. When people felt more empathy they were more likely to help

72
Q

Frustration aggression hypothesis

A

Frustrated people act aggressively

73
Q

Social learning theory (bandura)

A

Aggression is learned through modeling (direct observation) or through reinforcement.

Bobo will experiment

74
Q

Muzafer Sherif autokinetic effect experiment

A

Subjects estimates changed to match the group

75
Q

Solomon Asch conformity study

A

Line length. Answers changed to conform.

76
Q

Milgram

A

Conformity. Shock experiment

77
Q

Foot in door effect

A

Compliance with small request increases likelihood of compliance with large request

78
Q

Door in face effect

A

People who refuse a large initial request are more likely to agree to a smaller request later

79
Q

Dimensions of personal identity

A

Identifies organized according to hierarchy of salience

80
Q

Self efficacy (Bandura)

A

Part of social cognitive theory. Belief in ability to organize and execute a particular pattern of behavior. People with strong self efficacy exert more effort.

81
Q

Primacy effect

A

First impression most important

82
Q

Recency effect

A

More recent information is most important.

83
Q

Attribution theory ( Heider)

A

Infer causes of other people’s behavior. Dispositional and situational.

84
Q

Fundamental attribution error

A

When inferring causes of others behavior, usually make dispositional attributions instead of situational

85
Q

Halo effect

A

I allow a general impression of a person to influence other more specific evaluations about a person. Why people are often inaccurate in evaluations of people.

86
Q

Belief in a just world (Lerner)

A

Good things happen to good people. Bad things happen to bar people. Victim blaming

87
Q

Group norms (Newcomb)

A

People accept norms of their community. Liberal college students from republican families

88
Q

Proxemics (Hall)

A

Norms governing how far away we stand to people we are talking to. How individuals space themselves in relation to others

89
Q

Zajonc. Presence of others increases arousal and

A

Enhances emission of dominant response. If good will do well. If new will not do well etc

90
Q

Social loafing

A

Less effort when part of a group effort

91
Q

Deindividuation

A

zimbardo

Loss of self awareness and personal identity.

92
Q

groupthink (Janis)

A

Strive for consensus. H not considering discordant information.
Bay of pigs. Pearl Harbor

93
Q

Risky shift

A

Group decisions are riskier than avverage of individual choices

94
Q

Value hypothesis

A

Risky shifts happens in situations where riskiness is culturally valued.

95
Q

Stoner experiment. Group decisions

A

More extreme but not also more risky. Discussed controversial topics. Group polarization. Tendency for group discussion to enhance groups initial tendencies towards riskiness or caution.

96
Q

The more someone talks

A

The more they are perceived as a leader

97
Q

Lewin leadership styles

A

Autocratic, democratic, Laissez-fare
Laissez-fare less efficient less organized and less satisfying
Autocratic more hostile and aggressive.
Work motivation and interest strongest in democratic groups

98
Q

Prisoners dilemma

A

Compete or cooperate

Want to consider best outcome for self and avoid max sentence

99
Q

Robbers cave experiment (Sherif)

A

Summer camp. Two separate camp. Superordinate goals. Improved inter group relations

Kaplan GRE Psych (1 decks)

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